Schaffer and Emerson Flashcards
How many babies
60
what intervals and in what time span
monthly intervals in 1st 18 months of life
where were children studied and why
in their own home- from this a regular pattern of behaviour is identified in the development of attachment
what happened in these home visits
babies visited monthly for around 1 year
- carers were interviewed
- interactions with babies observed
- mothers kept a diary to examine evidence towards development of attachment
what 3 things did they measure- and what are they
stranger anxiety- response to stranger anxiety
separation anxiety- level of distress (separated) + degree of comfort needed (return)
social referencing- the degree a child looks at their carer to check how to respond to something new which is a secure base
what is the first stage. include:
the time this happens
what happens
ASOCIAL STAGE
time: 0-6 weeks
social and non-social stimuli produce a favourable reaction such as a smile
what is the second stage. include:
the time this happens
what happens
INDISCRIMINATE
time: 6 weeks - 7 months
infant enjoys human company
responds equally to any caregiver
get upset when individual does not interact with them
from 3 months- smile at more familiar faces+ can be easily comfortable by a regular carer
what is the third stage. include:
the time this happens
what happens
SPECIFIC
time: 7-9 months
special preference for a single attachment figure + infant looks for particular people for comfort, protection and security
shows fear of strangers + separation anxiety
(some babies show these more freq. than others but still evidence of an attachment formed & usually developed by 1yr)
what is the fourth stage. include:
the time this happens
what happens
MULTIPLE
time: 10 months onwards
baby becomes more independent + forms many attachments - majority by 18 months
results shown attachments more likely to form with carers who respond to babys signals (not more time spent) — called sensitive responsiveness
(intensely attached- mothers respond quick and vice versa)
strength
high ecological validity - studied in own homes (can be generalised)
weakness
accuracy of data questioned
it is a diary so demand characteristics and social desirability may play a role
