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Biological approach > Schachter and singer > Flashcards

Schachter and singer Flashcards

1
Q

Background

A

early studies done assumed the presence of a physiological state.

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2
Q

Psychology being investigated (4)

A
  • Physiological + cognitive
  • cognitions arising from a situation can be interpreted via past experiences allowing us to label the emotion
  • when someone experiences an emotion, physiological arousal happens
  • this may result in misinterpretations of the emotion as it is based on the physiological arousal
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3
Q

What are evaluative needs

A

pressures acting on an individual in such a state to understand and label his bodily feelings

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4
Q

What was a basic assumption at the start of the study

A

That emotional states are a function of the interaction of such cognitive facors with a state of psycholgoical arousal

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5
Q

Three propositions

Psychology being investigated

A
  1. If a person is physiologically aroused and there is no immediate explanation, the arousal will be labelled as a particular emotion based on the info available
  2. If a person is physiologically aroused and there is an appropriate explanation, there is no need to seek further info to label that emotion (no evaluative needs will arise)
  3. If there is no physiological arousal then any cognition we have we dismiss and there is no emotional experience
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6
Q

IV (3)

A
  • injected by EPI or placebo
  • knowledge of consequences of the injection
  • emotional state
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7
Q

DV in anger condition

A

becoming irritable and angry

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8
Q

DV in euphoric condition

A

subject goes along with the stooge, imitates some behaviour

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9
Q

cognition

A

mental processes of acquiring and processing knowledge and understanding senses and thought

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10
Q

Emotion

A

body’s adaptive response to a particular situation

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11
Q

Adrenalin

A

hormone released in response to stress/ excitement

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12
Q

True effects of epinephrine (4)

A
  • palpitation
  • hand tremors
  • accelerated breathing
  • lasts around 15- 20 minutes
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13
Q

Two most common theories of emotion

A

cannon bard and two factor

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14
Q

Two factor theory what is

A

when someone is fared with danger, the physiological effects come first followed by an emotion and then a cognitive interpretation

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15
Q

Cognitive interpretation meaning

A

labelling feelings in terms of knowledge of the immediate situation

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16
Q

Good example explaining two factor theory

A
  • a man walking alone down a dark alley, a figure with a gun suddenly appears.
  • The perception-cognition “figure with a gun” in some fashion initiates a state of physiological arousal;
  • this state of arousal is interpreted in terms of knowledge about dark alleys and guns
  • and the state of arousal is labeled “fear.”
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17
Q

Method

A

lab experiment with controlled observation and self-report questionnaires

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18
Q

data collection

A

observation (through one way mirror) and self-report

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19
Q

design

A

Independant measures design

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20
Q

Aim 1 (informed)

A

to test whether, if someone who is in a physiological state and is informed on how and why their body will react, they will not need to look for a cognitive interpretation

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21
Q

Aim 2 (misinformed)

A

To test whether a misinformed and ignorant person in a physiological state will look for a cognitive interpretation

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22
Q

Aim 3 (describe emotions)

A

test whether ppts are experiencing and can describe emotions based on their physiological state.

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23
Q

what was injected in the placebo (control) condiiton

A

saline solution

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24
Q

To test procedure, what three things had to be manipulated

A
  • state of physiological arousal
  • extent to which the subject has an appropriate explanation of his bodily state
  • situations that explanations can be derived
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25
Q

Sample locale

A

University of Minnesota

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26
Q

What course did the sample do

A

intro psych

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27
Q

sampling technique

A

volunteer

volunteer to be part of a student pool of subjects

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28
Q

no. of ppts

A

185

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29
Q

how was physiological state manipulated

A

injecting ppt with epinephrine

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30
Q

Stooge behaviour in euphoric condition (5)

A

doodle on paper, crumples it then
threw it in wastebasket like he was playing basketball
makes a paper plane with the paper
played with hulla hoops
built tower with manilla folders

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31
Q

Stooge behaviour in anger condition (4)

A

began to answer questionnaire
made aggressive comments
was always answering same questions as ppt
tore up questionnaire
and hurls the pieces saying, ‘I’m not doing this anymore’

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32
Q

Categories of behaviour for anger condition (6)

A

agree
disagree
neutral
initiates agreement/ disagreement
watches
ignores

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33
Q

Categories of behaviour for euphoric condition (4)

A

joins in on activity
initiates new activity
ignores
watches

34
Q

How many participants were ‘suspicious of the procedure’

A

11

35
Q

What was the injection disguised as

A

Suproxin- a vitamin

36
Q

Effect of injections on bodily state result

A

ppt in the epi felt it while placebo didnt

37
Q

which group was most euphoric

A

EPI INF

38
Q

What percent of ppt in EPI IGN made a connection between injection and bodily state

A

28%

39
Q

What percent of ppt in EPI MIS made a connection between injection and bodily state

A

16%

40
Q

least euphoric group

A

Placebo

41
Q

Conclusion

A

all aims were supported providing evidence for the two factor theory of emotions

42
Q

Give two examples of closed questions used to measure mood including the answer choices

A

Q how angry/ irritated would you say you feel at present
A Five choices given from ‘I don’t feel at all irritated’ to ‘I feel extremely irritated.’

Q How good or happy would you say you feel at present
A Five choices from ‘ I don’t feel at all happy/ good’ to ‘I feel extremely happy/good’

43
Q

to measure effects of false instructions

What extra questions were asked to EPI MIS?

3

A
  1. Did you feel any numbness in your feet
  2. Did you feel any itching sensation
  3. Did you experience any feeling of headache

Answers were using a four point scale- not at all to an intense amount

44
Q

State two questions that was used to measure physical condition

A

Q Have you experienced any palpitation (consciousness of your own heart beat)
A Four choices from ‘not at all’ to ‘an intense amount’

Q Did you feel any tremor?
A Four choices from ‘not at all’ to ‘an intense amount’

45
Q

How was bodily state measured at the end

A

By measuring pulse rate, taken by a physician.

46
Q

When was was pulse rate measured

2

A

Immediately before the injection and after the session with the stooge

47
Q

Arousal

A

Excitation of the sympathetic nervous system

48
Q

Instructions given to participants (4)

A
  • we would like to make various tests of your vision
  • we are interested in how certain vitamin supplements affect the visual skills
  • in particular we want to find out how a vitamin compound, Suproxin, affects your vision
  • what we would like to do, then, with your permission, is to give you a small injection of suproxin.
49
Q

Instructions regarding suproxin

A

The injection itself is mild and harmless

50
Q

how many participants disagreed to the injection

A

1 out of 185

51
Q

Instructions given to EPI INF (3)

A

I should tell you that some of our subjects have experienced side effects from the Surpoxin

These only last for 15 to 20 minutes

What will probably happen is that your hand will start to shake, your heart will start to pound, and your face may get warm and flushed.

injected and told true effects

52
Q

Instructions given to EPI IGN

A

After the injection was given, the experimenter said nothing more relevant and simply left.

injected and said nothing

53
Q

Instructions given to EPI MIS

A

I should also tell you that some of our subjects have experienced side effects from the Suproxin

These will only last for 15 to 20 minutes

What will probably happen is that your feet will feel numb, you will have an itching sensation all over parts of your body and you might get a slight headache.

injected and told false effects of the drug

54
Q

Name two behaviours named as joins in activity

Euphoria

A
  • made or flew paper airplanes
  • threw paper basketballs

if subject entered the stooge’s activities

55
Q

Name two behaviours named as ‘initiates new activity’

Euphoria

A

laughing
throwing paper basketballs

56
Q

How was ‘initiates new activity’ operationalised (2)

A
  • if participant gave creative euphoria
  • if they initiated euphoric behaviour outside of stooge’s routine
57
Q

Describe disagrees, in anger condition

A
  • subject makes comment indication that he disagrees with stooge’s comments
  • e.g., take it easy, they probably have a good reason for wanting this information
58
Q

Describe behaviour in agrees, anger condition

A
  • makes comment indication that he agrees to stooge’s comment
  • e.g., subject who responded to comment on father’s income by saying, ‘I don’t like that kind of personal quesiton either.’
59
Q

Experimenter instructions during the euphoria condition and anger condition

A

Both of you had the shot and you both be taking the same tests on vision.

What I ask you to do know is just wait for 20 minutes. The reason for this is simply that we have to allow 20 minutes for the suproxin to get into the bloodstream

60
Q

Before looking at the questionnaire, in the anger condition, what does the stooge say to the ppt

A

I really wanted to come for an experiment today, but I think it’s unfair for them to give you shots. At least they should’ve told us about the shots when they called us; you hate to refuse, once you’re here already

61
Q

Instructions given before the self report was given

2

A

We have found that there are many things beside suproxin that affect how well you see.

To understand the data we collect on you, then, we must be able to figure out which effects are due to other causes and which are caused due to suproxin

62
Q

Results for the differences in the epinephrine condition and saline condition

no stats

A

Ppts in EPI condition experienced more physiological response than those in the placebo conditions

e.g. higher pulse rates, more palpitations and more tremors

63
Q

Result of bodily state of epi and placebo

no stats, evidence

A

Mean scores of subjects in any EPI conditions were greater than the corresponding scores of the placebo conditions

64
Q

How many participants were excluded because they had no difference in bodily state after injection

A

4 euphoria
1 anger

65
Q

Individual differences in bodily state

A

Some EPI subjects did not report any palpitations or showed no increase in pulse

66
Q

How were the scores on the euphoria self report made

A

Subtract the value of point checked on irritation scale from value checked on happiness scale

Positive value means happier and better the subject feels

67
Q

Results for the euphoria self reports

A

EPI INF were less euphoric than EPI MIS (p<0.01)
EPI INF were less euphoric than EPI IGN
There was no difference between placebo and other groups

68
Q

Results for the euphoric observations

A

EPI MIS had most with 22.56
EPI INF had least with 12.72

69
Q

Why were anger self-report results not likely to be valid

A

Because participants were scared to endanger the extra points by admitting their irritation to the experimenter’s face or spoiling the questionnaire

70
Q

What are self-informed subjects and how were they identified

A

they are participants in EPI IGN and EPI MIS that clearly attributed their physical state to the inejction.

This was shown in their answers to the open ended questions saying ‘ the shot gave me the shivers’

71
Q

Results of self informed subjects

A

They are less angry than other subjects and also less euphoric

72
Q

Results for anger self reports

A

EPI INF had the highest anger score of 1.91
EPI IGN had the lowest with 1.39

73
Q

Results for anger observations

A

EPI IGN had the highest anger score of 2.28
EPI INF had the lowest of -0.18

74
Q

Ethics of deception

A

ppts thought they were receiving suproxin.
They also thought that the confederate was another real participant who had been injected

75
Q

Ethics of protection

A

participants were injected, which could have caused physical pain.
Also they were in situations that could bring out euphoria and anger meaning their psychological state was not the same once they left

76
Q

Ethics of confidentiality

A

Any data should not be identifiable as a single participant’s response
All we know is that the participants are male students at the university of Minnesota

77
Q

Ethics of debreifing

A
  • after a study has been completed, participants should be told about the true aim of the study
  • this guideline was broken as after the self-report, researchers explained the deception of the injection
78
Q

Summary of procedures

5

A
  • instructions given by experimenter
  • injection of adrenaline or placebo
  • informed/ partly informed/ not informed of effects
  • euphoric/ anger conditions
  • self report of mood and physical conditions
79
Q

Evaluation point about ethics

A

The study breaks ethical guideline of no deception
ppts believed that they were being given a vitamin injection of suproxin but it was epinephrine
they also believed that the stooge was another real participant

80
Q

explain strength of controls

A
  • study was standardised so could easily be replicated to test for reliability
  • actions of stooge in anger and euphoric conditions were standardised so another research team could replicate
81
Q

Nature point

A

in all EPI conditions, pulse rate increases. This is a biological reaction as a hormone is being released into the blood stream

82
Q

Nurture point

A

In euphoria condition, EPI MIS has the highest activity index score because participants may have been choosing environmental cues to explain their feelings

Biological approach (4 decks)

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