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Biological approach > Dement and Kleitman > Flashcards

Dement and Kleitman Flashcards

1
Q

Psych being investigated (3)

A
  • EEG measure brain activity, used to measure amplitude and frequency of brain waves
  • REM is a phase wen a person is paralysed- their eyes flicker and they can breath but their muscles are paralysed
  • nREM are other stages of sleep with differing brain activity
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2
Q

Aim 1 (do we?)

A

To test/ investigate whether dreams occur during REM or nREM using an objective technique

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3
Q

EEG full form

A

electroencephalograph

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4
Q

Aim 2 (pattern and content)

A

To test the pattern of eye movement (nREM or REM) and the content of the dream

(Are eye movement patterns related to dream content? )

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5
Q

Aim 3 (pattern and duration)

A

To investigate the pattern of eye movements and the duration of the dream

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6
Q

Aim 4 (how long _ and _ is )

A

To test whether there was a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking?

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7
Q

Method

A

Lab

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8
Q

Design

A

Repeated measures

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9
Q

Data collected how?

A

Self-report

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10
Q

IV (2)

A
  • when the participant is woken up
  • whether the ppt is in nREM or REM
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11
Q

DV (3)

A
  • duration and content of dream
  • whether or not the ppt was dreaming
  • pattern of eye movement
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12
Q

Sample details (4)

A
  • 9 in total
  • 7M and 2F
  • 5 used actively while 4 were used to confirm the results
  • opportunity
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13
Q

Where were the electrodes connected? (2)

A

Scalp and near the eyes

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14
Q

Why were electrodes connected at eyes

A

to measure eye movement

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15
Q

Why were electrodes connected at the scalp

A

To measure brain waves as a criterion for depth of sleep

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16
Q

What was the average sleeping time

A

6 hours

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17
Q

Average nightly awakenings

A

5.7

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18
Q

Type of interview

A

Semi-structured

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19
Q

Details on the interview (3)

A
  • spoke into a recording device when woken up
  • instructed to state whether they were dreaming
  • told to explain content of the dream
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20
Q

Criteria for not considering the dream

A

not detailed and coherent

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21
Q

How were electrodes tied?

A

in a single chord above the bed

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22
Q

why were electrodes tied in this manner? (2)

A
  • to ensure subjects could freely move
  • to avoid entanglement
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23
Q

Why was REM not observed in the initial onset of sleep?

A

because REM occurs in the later stages of sleep

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24
Q

Two pieces of evidence that dreams occur during REM

A
  • most subjects recall dreams during REM not nREM
  • During nREM awakenings, most subjects could not recall the content of the dream and had feelings to describe such as anxiety, detachment
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25
Q

How were participants awoken in the test for the pattern of eye movement and content of the dream? (2)

A
  • according to the four patterns observed
  • if the pattern persisted for at least 1 minute, they were asked to describe the content right before awakening
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26
Q

what were the four eye patterns

A
  • vertical
  • horizontal
  • both
  • none
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27
Q

Dream recall results (3)

A
  • subjects showed a high incidence of dream recall when awoken in REM as compared to nREM
  • some subjects had better recall than others
  • Dream recall during nREM are accounted for by assuming that the memory of the preceding dream persisted for an unusually long time
28
Q

Participant variable example

A

some ppt recalled dreams better than others

29
Q

REM lasted how long (3)

A

3 minutes to 50 minutes
mean of 20 minutes
longer later during the night

30
Q

Relationship between dream narrative and REM duration

A

positive correlation

31
Q

occurrence of rapid eye movement

A
  • observed every night
32
Q

how were demand characteristics reduced

A
  • subjects were not informed when awakened whether their eyes were moving or not
33
Q

dreams during vertical eye movement (3)

A
  • standing at the bottom of a cliff and operating a hoist
  • climbing a ladder,
  • throwing basketballs then looking down to pick up another ball
34
Q

Dreams during horizontal eye movement (1)

A
  • subject watched two people throw tomatoes at each other
35
Q

Dreams during fixated eyes (2)

A
  • watching something fixatedly
  • looking at something far away
36
Q

Mixture of movements dreams (3)

A

discussion, fighting, talking

37
Q

instructions given to ppts (3)

A
  • do not drink alcoholic/ caffeine containing beverages
  • eat normally
  • report to lab before bedtime
38
Q

how was sleep made natural

A

went to bed in a quiet dark room

39
Q

how were subjects woken up?

A

using a doorbell

40
Q

how is the study objective

A
  • studying dream activity using physiological equipment is an objective method.
  • dreaming is a subjective concept by nature but it becomes objective when it is related to some physiological phenomena, which can therefore be measured.
41
Q

Conclusion of the study (3)

A
  • Dreams probably occur only during REM sleep as when awakened during REM, they had dreams. When awoken during nREM, dreams recalled from previous dreams
  • Eye movements while dreaming constitute to the actual dream content
  • REM duration was directly proportional to dream length
42
Q

Mean of REM sleep

A

20 minutes

43
Q

how many total negative reports of dream recall during REM

A

39

44
Q

Describe negative reports of dream recall

A

19 occurred after awakenings during REM periods falling in the first 2 hr.of sleep,
11 after REM awakenings during the second 2 hr., 5 in the third 2 hr., and 4 in the last 2 hr.

45
Q

How was unintentional cuing reduced?

A

There was minimal contact between the experimenter and the subject

46
Q

The three approaches used in testing the correlation between eye movements and dreaming:

A

i. Dream recall during REM

ii. Subjective estimate of the duration of dreams compared to duration of eye movements

iii. Pattern of eye movements was related to the dream content to test whether they represented a visual representation of the dreams

47
Q

How often did REM take place

A

Every night

48
Q

When was dream recall most likely to occur

A

during REM

49
Q

How many reports were there of dream recall during REM

A

recall 152

50
Q

How many reports of dream recall were there during nREM

A

recall 11

51
Q

How was order of waking up for dream estimation chosen

A

randomly

52
Q

Describe DN dream estimate

A

equally likely to get 5 minutes wrong and 15 minutes wrong
- got estimation of 15 minutes 50% of the time

53
Q

Data for dream duration estimates

A

45/51 got 5 minutes right
47/60 got 15 minutes right

54
Q

Why can we not create an accurate appraisal of the mean duration of REM periods

A

As most REM periods were terminated artificially by an awakening

55
Q

DM and WD averaged one eye movement every __ mins

A

70 and 75

56
Q

Average for whole group was one REM period every __ mins

A

92

57
Q

How was DN awoken

A

a pattern of 3 REM, 3 nREM

58
Q

How were PM and KC awoken

A

According to a table of random numbers

59
Q

How was WD awoken

A

randomly
although he was told he would be awoken only when he was dreaming

60
Q

How was IR awoken

A

at the whim of the experimenter

61
Q

What happened when participants were awoken during deep stage of sleep (3)

A
  • felt as though they weren’t dreaming
  • could not remember any dream
  • felt anxiety, pleasantness, detachment
62
Q

Describe strength of standardised procedure

A
  • standardised procedure increases reliability
  • e.g ppt was always in a quiet dark room making replication to test for reliability easy
63
Q

Describe first attempt to measure participants estimations of REM duration (3)

A
  • participants were woken up at different points in REM
  • asked to estimate time they had been dreaming
  • to nearest minute
64
Q

Describe revised procedure to measure estimation of REM duration (2)

A
  • participants were either woken up at 5 or 15 minutes
  • then asked to choose if they had been dreaming for 5 or 15 minutes
65
Q

Real life application (2)

A
  • EEG can detect REM/ nREM so can be useful in diagnosing problems with these so that treatment can be found
  • EEG can detect REM/ nREM so can be used to help people with sleeping disorders. A psychologist can use the EEG to see how their sleep patterns are different to a normal sleeper

Biological approach (4 decks)

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