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Neuromuscular anatomy > Scenario (4) Brainstem Cerebellum > Flashcards

Scenario (4) Brainstem Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What does the brain stem consist off

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla- bulbar palsy/ pseudobulbar palsy

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2
Q

Where does the brainstem lie

A

Basal portion of occipital lobe (clivus)

Connected to cerebellum

Caudadlly- medulla continuous with spinal cord

Rostrally- midbrain continuous with diencephalon of fore brain

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3
Q

What is the brain stem

A

Rosteral expansion of the spinal cord

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4
Q

What’s in the brain stem

A
  1. Nucleus gracillis & cutaneous
    (dorsal columns)
  2. Red nucleus (Rubospinal pathway)
  3. Vestibular nuclei (vestibulospinal pathway)
  4. Reticular formation
    (reticulospinal pathway/reticular activating system)
  5. Pontine nuclei
  6. Cranial nerve nuclei
  7. Substantial nigra
  8. Periaqueductal grey matter
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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the cranial nerves

A

Within the brain stem structure

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6
Q

What are cranial nerves classified as

A

Lower motor neurones

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7
Q

Reticular formation

A

Complex matrix of neurons extends throughout length of
brainstem

Efferent and afferent connections with CNS multimodal functions

Long axons ascending and descending

Medial- cranial nerve nuclei

Respiratory and cardiovascular centre

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8
Q

Reticular formation

Descending influences

A

From the reticular formation to spinal-cord

  1. Motor control: Reticular nuclei

Upper pons and medulla reticulospinal tracts arise from here
Posture

  1. Pain modulation: Raphe nuclei

Caudal medulla receive info from Periaqueductal grey matter
Inhibit pain stimulus
Block pain

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9
Q

Reticular formation

Ascending influences

A

From the reticular formation upwards

  1. Arousal: reticular activating system

Go to cerebral cortex and thalamus increase responsiveness, awareness
Impairs consciousness

  1. Sleep: Raphe nuclei

Pons and mid brain go up to forebrain structures
Sleeping
Cardiovascular
Theromo control

  1. Stress response: locus ceruleus

Midbrain pontine border projects extensively to cerebral cortex
Responsiveness
Noradrenalin as transmitter
Sympathetic response to stress

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10
Q

Particular information

Consciousness

A

Controls consciousness

Aware of ones self

How does one respond to their environment

Asscess deterioration of conditions

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11
Q

Nuclei in midbrain

A 
Superior colliculi 
Inferior colliculi
Ocularmotor nerve
Edinger westphal 
Red nucleus 
Trochlear nerve
Trigmenial nerve
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12
Q

Nucluei in pons

A 
Pontine
Trigminal
Abducens 
Motor facial
Vestibular
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13
Q

Nuclei in medulla

A 
Gracile nuclei
Cuneate nuclei
Trigminal
Vagus
Accessory 
Hypoglossal
Ambigus 
Rollers
Arcuate
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14
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

A build up of CSF which puts pressure on the brain and can damage it

Congenital present at birth

Acquired develops after birth

Normal pressure usually only develops in older people

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15
Q

Unconscious

A

Not aware or responding to ones environment

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16
Q

Coma

A

Deep state of prolonged unconsciousness where a person is unresponsive alive but can’t be woken and shows no signs of awareness won’t normally respond to sound or pain or be able to communicate/move voluntarily basic reflexs greatly reduced

17
Q

Drowsiness

A

A feeling of being sleepy all the lethargic feeling abnormally sleepy during the day

18
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of muscle coordination it affects coordination balance and speech usually resulting from damage to the cerebellum

  1. Acquired: symptoms develop as a result of trauma/MS brand tumour nutritional deficiencies
  2. Hereditary: symptoms develop slowly over many years close by faulty gene is that a person and hats from the parents
  3. Idiopathic late onset cerebellar ataxia: Brain is progressively damaged over time for unclear reasons
19
Q

What is CSF

A

Clear colourless liquid comprised mostly water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries

20
Q

What does CSF carry

A

Small amounts of oxygen and glucose and other chemicals from the blood to the neurons and neuroglia

Small amounts of glucose proteins lactic acid urea sodium calcium potassium magnesium and chlorine HCO3 and white blood cells

21
Q

Functions of CSF

A

1) Mechanical protection:

shock absorber medium protecting delicate tissues of brain and spinal cord cushions brain so it floats in cranial cavity

2) Chemical protection: optimal chemical environment for accurate neurological signalling for production of action potentials
3) Circulation: medium for minor nutrients and waste exchange between blood and adjacent nervous tissue

Blood brain barrier: Certain substances in and excludes others

22
Q

Dura matter

A

Protection

Most superficial of three spinal meniges

Thick stronger and denser regular connective tissue

forms a sac from the occipital lobe to S2 vertebra

Outer periosteal+inner meningeal layer

23
Q

Arachnoid matter

A

Thin avascular covering the comprised of cells and then loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres

Spiders web arrangement of delicate collagen and some elastin fibres

Deep to Dura mater and continuous with foremen Magnum with arachnoid matter of brain

Subdural space contains IS fluid between dura and arachnoid matter

24
Q

PIA matter

A

Inner most matrix produces CSF

Thin transparent connective tissue that adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain

Interlacing bundles of collagen fivers

Many blood vessles supplying oxygen and nutrients to spinal-cord

Denticulate ligaments = Extensions of pia matter which project spinal-cord against displacement and shock

Between arachnoid and PI a matter = subarachnoid space which contains CSF

25
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Important in motor control system. Fine tunes motor output. Timing of movements

  1. Subconsciously

A) balance, equilibrium
B) muscle tone, posture
C) coordinate muscle during skilled activities

  1. Consciously
26
Q

Damage to cerebellum

A

Poorly coordinated movements

Wrong timing

Ataxia
Dysmetria
Dysdiadokinesia
Intention tremour 
Ataxia gate
Ataxic dysarthria
27
Q

lesions of cerebellum

A

Cerebellum Controls same side of body it has ipsalateral tracts

Cause effects on the same side of the body

28
Q

Deep cerebellar nuclei

A

Fastigial
Dentate

(Interpose nuclei)
Globose
Emboliform

29
Q

Pikinji cell

A

Integrate sensory information from various parts of the nervous system from cerebellar cortex to deep cerebellar cortex

Cerebrallar nuclei form output

30
Q

1) Archicerebellum system

A

Bilaterally affects balance and eye movement

Sensory information from vestibular and reticular nuclei in brainstem ( via inferior peduncle) into cerebellar cortex

Then from cerebellar cortex sensory information goes to the fastigial nucleus

Then goes back to the vestibular and reticular nucleus in brain stem.
(Origin of vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts )= descending tracts
MOTOR OUTPUT

31
Q

2) Paleocerebellum

A

Influences muscle tone and corrective postural activity Iva rubospinal pathways

Influence= ipsalateral

Spinocerebellar tracts = sensory information up the spinal cord to cerebellar cortex vis inferior and superior peduncles

From the cortex info synapse with the globose and emboliform nuclei

Then synapse with motor fibres (efferent) at red nucleus
(rubospinal tract)descending = MOTOR OUTPUT

32
Q

3) Neocerebellar

A

Muscle coordination during skilled and learned activities

Originates in motor cortex synapse in pontine nuclei which go into cerebellar cortex ( middle cerebellar peduncle)
Project into lateral cerebellar peduncles

Then synapse with dentate nuclei

Then projects back up towards motor cortex via thalamus (contralateral)

33
Q

What do the x3 cerebellar systems act as

A

Act as feedback loops an error detector

Sensory input into the cerebellum which then interpreted the information compares intended actions with actions that actually occur and then sends motor information via descending pathways which influences action

Neuromuscular anatomy (4 decks)

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