Scenario 22

Question 1

What is normal birth weight?

Answer 1

> 2.5kg

Question 2

What is normal birth weight?

Answer 2

> 2.5kg

Question 3

What is very and extremely low birth weight?

Question 4

What weight is a micro premie?

Question 5

What is the definition of small for gestational age infants?

Question 6

Possible causes for SGA infants

Answer 6

Maternal factors (stature, nitrition, illness, smoking, drugs), fetal factors (chromosomal abnormalities, disorders), medications, placental and uterine abnormalities, PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY

Question 7

What are the clinical problems for SGA neonates?

Answer 7

IUD, perinatal mortality, asyphyxia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, GI perforation, immunodeficiency

Question 8

What affects growth in mid childhood?

Answer 8

GH, IGF1, thyroxine

Question 9

What affects growth in mid childhood?

Answer 9

GH, IGF1, thyroxine

Question 10

What is very and extremely low birth weight?

Question 11

What weight is a micro premie?

Question 12

What is the definition of small for gestational age infants?

Question 13

Possible causes for SGA infants

Answer 13

Maternal factors (stature, nitrition, illness, smoking, drugs), fetal factors (chromosomal abnormalities, disorders), medications, placental and uterine abnormalities, PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY

Question 14

What are the symptoms of the menopause?

Answer 14

Atrophic conditions, osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, atherosclerosis and CVD, emotional changes, change in fat distribution

Question 15

What affects growth in infancy?

Answer 15

nutrition, insulin, IGFs

Question 16

What affects growth in mid childhood?

Answer 16

GH, IGF1, thyroxine

Question 17

How does the combined pill work?

Answer 17

Suppress FSH release, stabilises endometrium, potentiates the action of progesterones, suppresses LH, thickens cervical mucus, produces unresponsive endometrium, affects secretion and peristalsis in fallopian tubes

Question 18

Why does the hormonal system for puberty switch on?

Answer 18

Hypothalamic changes which cause steroids to be released from the gonads

Question 19

Why do females chance of pregnancy decrease?

Answer 19

all oogonia enter meiosis but stop at meiosis I and now have to complete 2 different divisions 1 at ovulation 1 at fertilisation

Question 20

Why does male fertility not decrease as much?

Answer 20

continuous sperm production then enter meiosis when necessary

Question 21

What happens in the menopause?

Answer 21

No oocytes, no follicles, no oestradiol then an oestrogen deficiency state.

Question 22

What are the symptoms of the menopause?

Answer 22

Atrophic conditions, osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, atherosclerosis and CVD, emotional changes, change in fat distribution

Question 23

What is the pearl index

Answer 23

how effective the methods are (total accidental pregnanciesx1200/total months of exposure

Question 24

What are the components of the combined hormonal contraceptive?

Answer 24

ethinyl oestradiol and progesterone

Question 25

How does the combined pill work?

Answer 25

Suppress FSH release, stabilises endometrium, potentiates the action of progesterones, suppresses LH, thickens cervical mucus, produces unresponsive endometrium, affects secretion and peristalsis in fallopian tubes

Question 26

What are the situations where the combined pill shouldnt be used?

Answer 26

Smokers >35, hypertension, liver disease, history of VTE, BMI >40

Question 27

Advantages of combined pill

Answer 27

Decreases menstrual problems, can change cycle, decrease ovarian and endometrial cancer

Question 28

Disadvantages of combined pill

Answer 28

Very small increase in VTE, stroke, MI, cervical cancer

Question 29

How does the progesterone only pill work?

Answer 29

Thickens cervical mucus and has a variable effect on ovulation

Question 30

What are the advantages of the progesterone only pill?

Answer 30

Can be used when the other pill cant

Question 31

What are the lifestyle changes used in menopause?

Answer 31

Lubricant , alpha 2 agonist (hot flushes), beta blockers, SSRIs, gabaprentin

Question 32

How does the Mirena call work?

Answer 32

Thicken cervical mucus, thins endometrium

Question 33

How does EllaOne work?

Answer 33

Prevents implantation or ovulation (up to 5 days after)

Question 34

How long do you have to take Levonelle?

Answer 34

72 hours

Question 35

How do you define the menopause?

Answer 35

1 year of amenorrhoea, high FSH >30, low oestrodiol

Question 36

What happens to hormone levels in climacteric?

Answer 36

oocytes decrease, oestrogen decrease, FSH increases (no negative feedback)

Question 37

What are the symptoms of low oestrogen?

Answer 37

Hot flush, headaches, palpitations, leg cramps, reduced libido, osteoporosis, CVD

Question 38

What are the hormonal treatments for menopause

Answer 38

oestrogen and progesterone (protect endometrium), testosterone

Question 39

What are the lifestyle changes used in menopause?

Answer 39

Lubricant , alpha 2 agonist (hot flushes), beta blockers, SSRIs, gabaprentin

Question 40

What are the risks of hormone replacement therapy?

Answer 40

Breast and endometrial cancer

Question 41

What are the benefits of hormone replacement therapy?

Answer 41

protects bones, reduced colorectal cancer, protect against CVD