Scenario 22 Flashcards
What is normal birth weight?
> 2.5kg
What is normal birth weight?
> 2.5kg
What is very and extremely low birth weight?
What weight is a micro premie?
What is the definition of small for gestational age infants?
Possible causes for SGA infants
Maternal factors (stature, nitrition, illness, smoking, drugs), fetal factors (chromosomal abnormalities, disorders), medications, placental and uterine abnormalities, PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
What are the clinical problems for SGA neonates?
IUD, perinatal mortality, asyphyxia, hypoxia, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, GI perforation, immunodeficiency
What affects growth in mid childhood?
GH, IGF1, thyroxine
What affects growth in mid childhood?
GH, IGF1, thyroxine
What is very and extremely low birth weight?
What weight is a micro premie?
What is the definition of small for gestational age infants?
Possible causes for SGA infants
Maternal factors (stature, nitrition, illness, smoking, drugs), fetal factors (chromosomal abnormalities, disorders), medications, placental and uterine abnormalities, PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
What are the symptoms of the menopause?
Atrophic conditions, osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, atherosclerosis and CVD, emotional changes, change in fat distribution
What affects growth in infancy?
nutrition, insulin, IGFs
What affects growth in mid childhood?
GH, IGF1, thyroxine
How does the combined pill work?
Suppress FSH release, stabilises endometrium, potentiates the action of progesterones, suppresses LH, thickens cervical mucus, produces unresponsive endometrium, affects secretion and peristalsis in fallopian tubes
Why does the hormonal system for puberty switch on?
Hypothalamic changes which cause steroids to be released from the gonads
Why do females chance of pregnancy decrease?
all oogonia enter meiosis but stop at meiosis I and now have to complete 2 different divisions 1 at ovulation 1 at fertilisation
Why does male fertility not decrease as much?
continuous sperm production then enter meiosis when necessary
What happens in the menopause?
No oocytes, no follicles, no oestradiol then an oestrogen deficiency state.
What are the symptoms of the menopause?
Atrophic conditions, osteoporosis, vasomotor symptoms, atherosclerosis and CVD, emotional changes, change in fat distribution
What is the pearl index
how effective the methods are (total accidental pregnanciesx1200/total months of exposure
What are the components of the combined hormonal contraceptive?
ethinyl oestradiol and progesterone
How does the combined pill work?
Suppress FSH release, stabilises endometrium, potentiates the action of progesterones, suppresses LH, thickens cervical mucus, produces unresponsive endometrium, affects secretion and peristalsis in fallopian tubes
What are the situations where the combined pill shouldnt be used?
Smokers >35, hypertension, liver disease, history of VTE, BMI >40
Advantages of combined pill
Decreases menstrual problems, can change cycle, decrease ovarian and endometrial cancer
Disadvantages of combined pill
Very small increase in VTE, stroke, MI, cervical cancer
How does the progesterone only pill work?
Thickens cervical mucus and has a variable effect on ovulation
What are the advantages of the progesterone only pill?
Can be used when the other pill cant
What are the lifestyle changes used in menopause?
Lubricant , alpha 2 agonist (hot flushes), beta blockers, SSRIs, gabaprentin
How does the Mirena call work?
Thicken cervical mucus, thins endometrium
How does EllaOne work?
Prevents implantation or ovulation (up to 5 days after)
How long do you have to take Levonelle?
72 hours
How do you define the menopause?
1 year of amenorrhoea, high FSH >30, low oestrodiol
What happens to hormone levels in climacteric?
oocytes decrease, oestrogen decrease, FSH increases (no negative feedback)
What are the symptoms of low oestrogen?
Hot flush, headaches, palpitations, leg cramps, reduced libido, osteoporosis, CVD
What are the hormonal treatments for menopause
oestrogen and progesterone (protect endometrium), testosterone
What are the lifestyle changes used in menopause?
Lubricant , alpha 2 agonist (hot flushes), beta blockers, SSRIs, gabaprentin
What are the risks of hormone replacement therapy?
Breast and endometrial cancer
What are the benefits of hormone replacement therapy?
protects bones, reduced colorectal cancer, protect against CVD
