SCD - Experimental Designs

Question 1

Multiple Baseline Design

Answer 1

An Experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviors while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behavior(s).

Question 2

Multiple Baseline Design

Answer 2

After maximum change has been noted in the first behavior, the treatment variable is applied in sequential fashion to each of the other behaviors in the design.

Question 3

Multi Element Design

Answer 3

A variation of a reversal design that exposes a participant first to one treatment condition and then to another in some form of repeated alternation. Features: - Rapid alternation - Comparison of multiple conditions - Response differentiation necessary for est. a functional rel.

Question 4

Multiple Baseline Across Settings Design

Answer 4

A design in which the treatment variable is applied to the SAME BEHAVIOR of the SAME SUBJECT across TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT SETTINGS, SITUATIONS, OR TIME PERIODS

Question 5

Multiple Baseline Across Subjects Design

Answer 5

A design in which the treatment variable is applied to the SAME BEHAVIOR of two or more subjects (or groups) in the SAME SETTING

Question 6

Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors Design

Answer 6

A design in which the treatment variable is applied to two or more different behaviors of the same subject in the same setting.

Question 7

Multi Element Design

Answer 7

An experimental design in which two or more conditions (one of which may be a no treatment control condition) are presented in rapidly alternating succession (e.g., on alternating sessions or days) independent of the level of responding; differences in responding between or among conditions are attributed to the effects of the conditions

Question 8

Multi Element Design AKA’s:

Answer 8

• concurrent schedule design. - multiple schedule design. - alternating treatment design. - simultaneous design

Question 9

Multiple Treatment Reversal Design

Answer 9

Any experimental design that uses the experimental methods and logic of the reversal tactic to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another. (e.g., A-B-A-B-C-B-C, A-B-A-C-A-D-A-C-A-D, A-B-AB-B+C-B-B+C)

Question 10

Reversal Design

Answer 10

Any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by “reversing” responding to a level obtained in a previous condition; encompasses experimental designs in which the independent variable is withdrawn (A-B-A-B)

Question 11

Single-Subject Designs

Answer 11

A wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the independent variable on the behavior of individual subjects.

Question 12

Single-Subject Designs AKA’s:

Answer 12

Called within-subject, and intra-subject designs

Question 13

Withdrawal Design

Answer 13

A term used by some authors as a synonym for A-B-A-B design; also used to describe experiments in which an effective treatment is sequentially or partially removed to promote the maintenance of behavior changes

Question 14

A-B Design Weaknesses:

Answer 14

1. Weakest of all single subject designs since the functional relationship between the dependent and independent variables are not firmly established. 2. There are several factors that can play a role on the dependent variable (e.g. maturation, practice effects).

Question 15

A-B Design

Answer 15

Baseline phase followed by a treatment phase. Effect is demonstrated when behavior changes from one phase to the next

Question 16

Withdrawal Design Advantages:

Answer 16

1. Is one of the easiest single subject designs to implement. 2. Possess great flexibility. 3. Can be used when you can reverse the target behavior to baseline, or pre-intervention levels.

Question 17

Withdrawal Design Weaknesses:

Answer 17

1. It’s is antithetical to educational or clinical goals. 2. Resentful Demoralization may occur. 3. Not to use with dangerous behaviors

Question 18

Withdrawal Design You will not use this design when:

Answer 18

1. When the target behavior is not reversible. 2. When the treatment effects will continue after the treatment is withdrawn. 3. When it is not educationally or clinically desirable for the behavior to return to baseline levels. 4. When the target behavior is such that withdrawal of effective treatment would be unethical (e.g. dangerous behavior).

Question 19

Repeated Acquisition Design Use this design when:

Answer 19

1. When behaviors cannot be reversed because of Learning. 2. Multiple equal tasks are compared in a fixed or random sequence of at least two conditions. 3. Particularly useful in education: (e.g., Site words, spelling words, math, reading, motor skills, etc.)

Question 20

Repeated Acquisition Design This design allows for:

Answer 20

The analysis of skill acquisition under different experimental conditions.

Question 21

Repeated Acquisition Design The defining characteristics of this design:

Answer 21

1) The use of multiple equivalent learning tasks. 2) acquisition can be studied repeatedly from one task to another. 3) under at least two different experimental conditions.

Question 22

In Multiple Baseline Design to Address the inability to reverse you:

Answer 22

a) Establish two or more baselines.

Question 23

Alternating Treatment Designs Advantages:

Answer 23

1. Does not require treatment withdrawal. 2. Speed of comparison. 3. Minimizes irreversibility problem. 4. Minimizes sequence effects. 5. Can be used with unstable data. 6. Can be used to assess generalization of effects. 7. Intervention can begin immediately

Question 24

Alternating Treatment Designs Disadvantages:

Answer 24

1. Multiple treatment interference. 2. Unnatural nature. 3. Limited capacity (max. of 4 conditions). 5 Selection of treatments - should be significantly different from one another

Question 25

Multiple Baseline Design - Two Types:

Answer 25

1) Concurrent Design: all start collecting baseline at same time with staggered intervention start times. 2) Non-Concurrent Design: each design begins baseline collection once previous one ends full A-B phase.

Question 26

Multiple Baseline Design Advantages:

Answer 26

1. Does not require withdrawal of an effective treatment. 2. Ideal for multiple behavior changes sought by many practitioners. 3. Useful in assessing occurrence of generalization of behavior change. 4. Relatively easy to conceptualize

Question 27

Multiple Baseline Design Disadvantages:

Answer 27

1. Does not demonstrate experimental control. 2. Provides more information about effectiveness of treatment variable than function of target behavior. 3. Can require treatment being withheld for some behaviors/settings/subjects for a long time. 4. Required time and resources

Question 28

Multiple Probe Design

Answer 28

A design that features intermittent measure during baseline. It is used to evaluate the effects of instruction on skill sequences in which it is unlikely that the subject can improve performance on later steps in the sequence before learning prior steps.

Question 29

Multiple Probe Design

Answer 29

A method of analyzing the relation between the independent variable and the acquisition of a successive approximation or task sequence.

Question 30

Delayed Multiple Baseline Design

Answer 30

an initial baseline, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one behavior (or setting, or subject), and subsequent baselines for additional behaviors are begun in a staggered or delayed fashion.

Question 31

Changing Criterion Design Advantages:

Answer 31

1. Does not require reversal of improved behavior. 2. Only one target behavior is required. 3. Only for use with behaviors that are already in student’s repertoire and lend themselves to stepwise modification