Scale and Proportion Flashcards
The proper or
harmonious
relation of one part
to another or to the
whole
PROPORTION
In PROPORTION, Relationship may be of..?
magnitude,
quantity or degree
usually has a range of choices
when determining the proportions of things,
some are given to us by the nature of
materials, by how building elements respond
to forces, and by how things are made
The designer
- Ratio of stress to strain for a certain material
- Elasticity, hardness and durability
- They all have an ultimate strength beyond
which they cannot extend themselves without
fracturing, breaking, or collapsing
Material proportion
have rational
proportions that are
dictated by their
inherent strengths
and weaknesses
All materials
- Size of structural elements are directly related
to the task they perform
Structural proportion
are called upon to
span spaces and
transmit their loads
through vertical
supports to the
foundation system
of a building
Structural elements
form a skeletal structural
framework that defines modules of space.
Beams and columns
articulate space and give it scale and a
hierarchical structure.
columns and
beams by their size and proportion
Standard sizes imposed by manufacturers or
industry standards
Manufactured Proportion
Many architectural elements are sized and
proportioned not only according to their
structural properties and function, but also by..?
the process through which they are
manufactured
the standard sizes and proportions of factoryproduced elements affect the
size, proportion,
and spacing of other materials as well.
- The physical dimensions of architecture and of
proportion and scale is imprecise
PROPORTIONING SYSTEMS
The transactional process by which we
experience the world
Perception and Design
Perception and Design are distorted by
foreshortening of perspective
and distance and by cultural biases
inherited from evolution,
culture and experience
Prejudices
influence all our
perceptions
Our developing attitudes
establishes a consistent set of visual
relationships between the parts of a building, as well as
between the parts and the whole
Proportioning system
can be
sensed, accepted, or even recognized through a series of
repetitive experiences
visual order
still has the ability to control the
proportion of the forms and spaces within and
around a building.
The designer
go beyond the functional
and technical determinants of architectural form
and space to provide an aesthetic rationale for
their dimensions.
Proportioning systems
can visually unify the multiplicity of elements in
an architectural design by having all of its parts belong
to the same family of proportions.
Proportioning systems
They can provide a sense of order in, and heighten the
continuity of, a sequence of spaces.
Proportioning systems
They can establish relationships between the exterior
and interior elements of a building.
Proportioning systems
The ratio of the smaller to the larger is the same as
the ratio of the larger to the whole
Golden Section
- Greeks recognized the dominating role the Golden
Section played in the proportions of the human body. - Renaissance architects also explored the Golden
Section in their work.
Golden Section
Le Corbusier based his Modulor system on the
Golden Section
Another progression that closely approximates the
Golden Section in whole numbers is the
Fibonacci
Series: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55 . . . .
- The basic unit of
dimension was the
diameter of the column - All the parts of any one
building were
proportionate and n
harmony with one
another
Classic Orders
6 diameters
TUSCAN ORDER
7 diameters
DORIC ORDER
8 - 1/3 diameters but 2 and 1/4 D Entablature and 1/2 D Capital
IONIC ORDER
8 1/3 diameters but 2 and 1/2 D Entablature and 7/6 D Capital
CORINTHIAN/COMPOSITE ORDER
1 ½ d
Pycnostyle
2 d
Systyle
2 ¼ d
- Eustyle
3 d
Diastyle
4 d
Araeostyle
Architecture was
mathematics translated
into spatial units
Renaissance Theories
Seven ideal plan shape
for rooms
– 1:√2
– 2:3
– 3:4
– 3:5
– 1:2
Height of room
would be in proper
proportion with its
width and length
Renaissance Theories
*The height of rooms
with flat ceilings would
be equal to their width.
* The height of square
rooms with vaulted
ceilings would be onethird greater than their
width.
Renaissance Theories
Beauty will result from the
form and correspondence
of the whole, with respect
to the several parts, of the
parts with regard to each
other, and of these again to
the whole; that a structure
may appear an entire and
complete body, wherein
each member agrees with
the other and all necessary
to compose what you
intend to form
According to? and what theory?
Andrea Palladio, Renaissance Theories
“the
dimensions of that
which contains and that
which is contained”
Le Corbusier
Based his measuring
tool on both
mathematics and the
proportions of a human
body
Modulor
(Modulor) Basic grid consist of
113, 70, 43 cm proportioned
according to the golden section
43+70=113 113+70=183 113+70+43=226(2x113)
the traditional Japanese unit of measure
Shaku
Almost equivalent to the English foot and divisible into decimal units
Shaku
originally used simply to designate the interval between two columns and varied in size
Shaku
“Absolute measurement”
ken
Two methods of designing with the ken modular grid developed that affected its dimension.
Inaka-ma and Kyo-ma
In ken, the size of your room depends on what?
the number of floor mats
was originally proportioned to accommodate two persons sitting or one person sleeping
Japanese traditional floor mats
In a typical Japanese residence, what orders the structure as well as the additive, space-to-space sequence of rooms.
the ken
refers to the measurement of the size and proportions of the human body
Anthropometry
its proportioning methods does not seek abstract or symbolic ratios, but functional ones.
Anthropometry
The applied science that coordinates the design of devices, systems, and environments with our physiological and psychological capacities and requirements
Ergonomics
affect the volume of space we require for movement, activity, and rest.
The dimension of the human body
What is the fit between space and the human body when we sit in a chair, lean against a railing, or nestle within an alcove space
static fit
What is the fit between space and the human body when we as when we enter a building’s foyer, walk up a stairway, or move through the rooms and halls of a building.
Dynamic fit
Third type of fit
How a space accommodates our need to maintain appropriate social distances and to
have control over our personal space.
refers to how we perceive or judge the size of something in relation to something else.
Scale
Refers not to the actual dimensions of
things, but rather to how small or large something appears to be in relation to its normal size or to the size of other things in its context.
Visual scale
mean that thing appears to be smaller than its usual size.
Small-scale or miniature
perceived as being larger than what is normal or expected
Large scale
we refer to the size of a project in the context of a city
Urban scale
we judge a building appropriate to its locale within a city
Neighborhood scale
we note the relative sizes of elements fronting a roadway
Street scale
the size or proportion of something relative to an accepted standard of measurement.
Mechanical scale
the size or proportion an element appears to have relative to other elements of known or assumed size.
Visual scale
Based on the dimensions and proportions of the human body
Human scale
makes us feel small in comparison
Monumental scale
describes an environment in which we feel comfortable, in control, or important
Intimate scale
Of a room’s three dimensions, what has a greater effect on its scale than the other dimensions?
height
In addition to the vertical dimension of a space, other factors that affect its scale are:
– the shape, color, and pattern of its bounding surfaces
– the shape and disposition of its openings
– the nature and scale of the elements placed within it
