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Chemistry❌ > SC22-24 > Flashcards

SC22-24 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of chemicals that have similar chemical structures.

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3
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane - CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Propane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10

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5
Q

Why are alkanes saturated?

A

All of the atoms have formed bonds with as many other atoms as they can.

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6
Q

What are alkenes?

A

They’re a homologous series of hydrocarbons with 1 C=C functional group.

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7
Q

What is a functional group?

A

It’s a group of atoms that determine how a molecule reacts.

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8
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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9
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

Because they can make more bond.

The double bond can open up, allowing the two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms.

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10
Q

What’s the test for alkenes?

A

Use bromine water.

When shaken together, an alkene will decolourise bromine water, turning it from orange to colourless.

This is because an addiction reaction takes place.

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11
Q

What are polymers?

A

Its a large molecule made from lots of small molecules (monomers) joined together.

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12
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

The process in which monomers join together.

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13
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules (alkenes) can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains.

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14
Q

What are the properties and uses of poly(ethene)?

A

Flexible, electrical insulator and cheap

Plastic bags, bottles and wire insulation

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15
Q

What are the properties and uses of poly(chloroethene)?

A

Tough and cheap

Window frames, water pipes and soft toys.

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16
Q

What are the properties and uses of poly(propene)?

A

Flexible, strong and mouldable

Crates, furniture and ropes

17
Q

What are the and uses of poly(styrene)?

A

Egg boxes and foam packaging

18
Q

What are some of the naturally occurring polymers?

A

DNA
Amino acids
Carbohydrates

19
Q

What are polymers made from?

A

Crude oil

20
Q

What does biodegradable mean?

A

Naturally broken down in the environment by microbes.

21
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of synthetic polymers being non-biodegradable?

A

Advantage - durable

Disadvantage - can’t be disposed of easily

22
Q

What are the problems when polymers are disposed of at landfill?

A
  1. A lot of plastics get dumped in landfill. This is usually when different polymers are too difficult or expensive to separate and recycle.
  2. Lots of valuable land is quickly getting used up for use as landfill site.
  3. Most polymers are non-biodegradable. This means they will sit in landfill for years and years.
23
Q

What are the problems when polymers are disposed of by combustion?

A
  1. Burning plastics produces a lot of energy and this can be used to generate electricity. However…
  2. If not controlled, toxic gases can be released fro the combustion of plastics. For example all plastics produce CO^2.
  3. Carbon dioxide contributes to global warming.
24
Q

What are the advantages of recycling polymers?

A
  1. Reduces the amount of non-biodegradable waste filling up landfill sites.
  2. Reduces emissions of greenhouse and toxic gases which can be released form burning them.
  3. Recycling generally uses up less water and energy resources than when making new plastics.
  4. Rescues the amount of crude oil needed to produce more plastics.
  5. Recycling generally saves money and creates jobs.
25
Q

What are the disadvantages of recycling polymers?

A
  1. They must be seperated by type before they can be melted and reformed into a new product (can be expensive).
  2. If they mixed together, the quality of the final recycled polymer product could be reduced.
  3. They can only be recycled a finite number of times. After a while the strength can decrease.
  4. Melting down polymers can release dangerous gases into the atmosphere.
26
Q

What is the general formula for alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

27
Q

What are the first four alcohols?

A

Methanol - CH3OH
Ethanol - C2H5OH
Propanol - C3H7OH
Butanol - C4H9OH

28
Q

What is the functional group for alcohol?

A

-OH

29
Q

What are the uses of alcohol?

A 
Cosmetics 
Medical drugs 
Paint 
Drink 
Fuel
30
Q

What is fermentation?

A

It’s the process of using yeast to convert a type of carbohydrate, called sugars, into alcohol.

31
Q

How would make a solution of ethanol by fermentation?

A
  1. Mix yeast and a solution of a carbohydrate (glucose) in a clean container. Seal it and keep it in a warm place.
  2. Keep the mixture between 30-40 degrees - it happens fastest here.
  3. The mixture must be kept in anaerobic conditions (no oxygen) as it will convert the ethanol into ethanoic acid.
  4. When the concentration of alcohol reaches about 10-20% the fermentation reaction stops because the yeast gets killed off by the alcohol.
  5. The fermented mixture can be distilled to produce a more concentrated alcohol.
32
Q

What is the limitation of fermentation?

A

Can only produce concentrations of around 20%.

More concentrated solutions have to be produced by fractional distillation.

Chemistry❌ (11 decks)

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