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Bio P2 > SB8 > Flashcards

SB8 Flashcards

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1
Q

where and why does exchange happen for Oxygen

A

in the alveoli in lungs
needed for respiration

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2
Q

where and why does exchange happen for carbon dioxide

A

in the alveoli in lungs
to get rid of carbon dioxide as a waste product

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3
Q

where and why does exchange happen for water

A

occurs in the nephrons in kidneys
it is needed for cells to function properly

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4
Q

where and why does exchange happen for dissolved food molecules

A

occurs in the small intestine
needed for energy

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5
Q

where and why does exchange happen for mineral ions

A

occurs in the small intestine
needed for cells to function properly

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6
Q

where and why does exchange happen for urea

A

occurs in the nephrons in kidneys
its is a waster product of metabolism

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7
Q

How does surface area:volume ration affect organisms?

A
  • the surface area: volume ratio will decrease as the organism gets larger
  • so the organism cant solely rely on diffusion as particles may not be able to get through larger organisms and tissue
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8
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange by diffusion

A
  • millions of alveoli
    creates a large surface area for diffusion of gases
  • alveoli is associated closely with a capillary
    capillary is one cell thick to allow for easy diffusion
  • ventilation of alveoli
    creates a high concentration gradient which maximises the rate of diffusion
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9
Q

what are the factors which affect the rate of diffusion

A

(all increases diffusion)
increased surface area
short diffusion distance
maintained high concentration gradient

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10
Q

why does a greater concentration gradient lead to a faster diffusion

A

more particles are randomly moving down the gradient than are moving against it

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11
Q

why does a higher temperature lead to a faster diffusion

A

more energy in particle therefore they can move faster

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12
Q

why does a larger surface area increase the rate of diffusion

A

the more space for particles to move through, resulting in a faster rate of diffusion

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13
Q

what is ficks law

A

rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference) ÷ thickness of membrane

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14
Q

what are the main 4 components of blood

A

plasma (55%)
red blood cells (45%)
white blood cells and platelets ( < 1%)

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15
Q

Explain how the structure of red blood cells is related to its function

A
  • contains haemoglobin which carries oxygen
  • biconcave which allows for a large surface area for easier diffusion
  • no nucleus which allows for more space for haemoglobin to carry more oxygen
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16
Q

Explain how the structure of white blood cells is related to its function

A
  • part of the immune system to attack pathogens
  • phagocytes surround pathogens and destroys them
  • lymphocytes creates antibodies that attach to antigens of pathogens and destroys them
17
Q

Explain how the structure of plasma is related to its function

A

the liquid part of blood
carries dissolved substances such as co2 glucose and urea

18
Q

Explain how the structure of the platelets is related to its function

A
  • are tiny fragments of cells which contains no nucleus
  • they cause blood to clot when a blood vessel has been damaged
  • the clot blocks the wound and prevents pathogen from entering the blood
19
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries, vein and capillaries

20
Q

explain the function and structure of arteries

A
  • carries blood AWAY from the heart
  • layers of muscles in the walls makes them strong, thick walls
    -elastic fibres allow them to stretch
  • helps to withstand high pressures of blood
  • carries oxygenated blood
21
Q

explain the function and structure of veins

A
  • carries blood TOWARDS the heart
  • the lumen ( the tube which bloods flows through) is wide to allow the low pressure blood to flow through
  • they have valves to ensure the blood flows in the right direction
  • carries deoxygenated blood
22
Q

explain the function and structure of capillaries

A
  • allow for blood to flow close to cells to allow substances to move between them
  • one cell thick for a short diffusion pathway
  • permeable walls so substances can move across them
23
Q

what is the purpose of the heart

A
  • an organ in the circulatory system
  • the heart pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system
24
Q

what is the purpose of the circulatory system

A

to carry oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body and remove the waste products

25
Q

what is meant by a double circulatory system

A

This means there are two circuits.

● 1: Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium and then into the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs to undergo gaseous exchange

● 2: Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle which pumps oxygenated blood around the body

26
Q

how does the heart pump out deoxygenated blood

A
  • occurs in the right atrium and ventricle
  • vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs
  • goes into the right atrium which contracts and pushes the blood out
  • valves prevent the blood from flowing backwards (backflow)
  • the blood goes into the ventricle which contracts and push the blood
  • blood is pushed out of the pulmonary artery and carries the deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
27
Q

How does the heart pump out oxygenated blood

A
  • oxygenated blood is brought from the lungs to the heart via the pulmonary vein
  • bloods goes through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium.
  • the atria contracts pushing the oxygenated blood into the ventricles
  • the ventricles contract and pushes the blood out of the aorta
  • the aorta carries the blood all around the body
28
Q

describe cellular respiration

A
  • exothermic reaction
  • occurs continuously
  • occurs in living cells
  • releases energy for metabolic processes:
    —> anaerobic respiration
    —> aerobic respiration
29
Q

compare the process of aerobic respiration
and anaerobic respiration

A

Aerobic
-This uses oxygen.
- It yields the most energy.
- Most of the reactions that make up aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondria

Anaerobic
- Occurs when there is not enough oxygen.
-It does not yield as much energy as aerobic respiration
- It is only used as a last resort, for example during a sprint where it is difficult to breathe in enough oxygen. The oxidation of glucose is complete.
-produces lactic acid
- called fermentation in plants and can be used to make alcoholic drinks

30
Q

what is the formula for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
(glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water)

31
Q

what is the formula for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose (C6 H12O6 ) —> Lactic acid

32
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate

Bio P2 (4 decks)

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