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Bio P2 > SB7 > Flashcards

SB7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A
  • Maintaining constant conditions inside the body
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2
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A
  • Hormones are produced in the endocrine glands, which are found all over the body
  • Examples of endocrine glands are the pituitary and hypothalamus (found in the brain), as well as the adrenal, ovaries, testes and pancreas
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3
Q

What are three differences between the hormonal system and the nervous system?

A
  • Nervous system carries signals much faster than hormonal system
  • Nervous system carries signals through electrical impulses; whereas hormonal is through chemical messages in the blood
  • Hormonal system has a much longer effect than nervous system
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4
Q

What is a target organ?

A
  • This is an organ that is affected by a hormone, such as the ovaries or kidneys
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5
Q

What is adrenaline?

A
  • This is a hormone released by the adrenal glands, with the target organs consisting of the heart, liver, lungs and eyes
  • Large amounts of adrenaline is released in exciting or frightening situations
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6
Q

What is the ‘fight or flight’ response?

A

This is what occurs when a person feels as though they are in danger and the release of extra adrenaline aids this
- An increase in heart rate, blood pressure and blood flow to working muscles allow there to be more Oxygen at the working muscles, so that more respiration can occur
- Increased respiration releases more energy for the person to either fight or run away

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7
Q

How does adrenaline raise blood sugar levels?

A
  • One of its target organs is the liver, where it breaks down glycogen (a polymer of glucose), into glucose
  • The extra glucose is used for increased respiration, so that more energy can be released for the fight or flight response to occur
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8
Q

What is meant by negative feedback?

A
  • This is a control mechanism that reacts to a change in a condition by trying to bring it back to normal levels
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9
Q

What is metabolic rate and how is it measured?

A
  • This is the rate at which the energy stored in your food is transferred by all reactions in your body that keep you alive
  • Resting metabolic rate is measured with the body at rest, in a warm room and long after the person has eaten
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10
Q

Explain the process of negative feedback in controlling metabolic rate

A
  • Hypothalamus releases TRH, which travels to the pituitary gland
  • Pituitary gland releases TSH, which travels to the thyroid gland
  • Thyroid gland releases thyroxine, which travels to the target organs
  • If levels of blood thyroxine are too high, the pituitary gland and hypothalamus are inhibited
  • If levels are too low, hypothalamus is stimulated
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11
Q

What is the menstrual cycle and what happens on each day?

A
  • Cycle of changes in women’s reproductive system, that occurs from puberty to menopause
  • On day 1-5, menstruation occurs, where uterus lining and unfertilised egg cell are lost
  • On day 5-13, uterus lining begins to rebuild
  • On day 15, ovulation occurs ( the release of an egg cell from ovary)
  • On day 16-23, uterus lining continues to thicken
  • On days 23-28, egg travels along oviduct to the uterus
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12
Q

What is the role of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone?

A
  • Oestrogen stimulates thickening of the uterus lining (from maturing egg follicle)
  • Progesterone leads to the uterus lining being maintained ( released from empty follicle)
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13
Q

What is the role of the hormones LH and FSH?

A
  • LH stimulates release of the egg cell
    (Oestrogen cause pituitary gland to start LH)
  • FSH stimulates growth of the egg follicle
    (Released by pituitary gland after uterus lining brakes down)
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14
Q

How do hormones work in negative feedback in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH levels are high, causing release of oestrogen
  • Oestrogen levels are high, which causes the release of LH but stops FSH
  • LH levels are high, which causes release of progesterone but stops oestrogen
  • Progesterone levels are high, which causes release of FSH but stops LH (if no fertilisation occurs)
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15
Q

How do hormonal contraceptive pills work?

A
  • Contains high levels of oestrogen and progesterone, which inhibit the release of FSH and LH, meaning that the egg follicle cannot mature and release
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16
Q

What are the advantages of physical contraceptives compared to hormonal?

A
  • Can prevent STDs as there’s no contact between sexual fluids
  • Doesn’t have side effects
  • However, success rate at prevented pregnancies are lower as they may tear or slip
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17
Q

How does clomifene therapy work in increasing likelihood of pregnancy?

A
  • Helps to overcome problem of releasing no or few eggs
  • Increases concentration of LH and FSH in blood, helping to mature and release an egg to then be fertilised
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18
Q

How does IVF work?

A
  • Helps to overcome problems such as a blocked oviducts or low sperm count
    1- Egg follicle maturation is stimulated by hormones
    2- Egg cells released by many follicles are taken from ovary, and sperm is taken from man
    3- Eggs and sperm cells are combined (in vitro) so fertilisation can occur
    4- One or two healthy embryos are placed in the uterus
19
Q

Why is maintaining a constant internal environment important?

A
  • This is to ensure enzymes in the body work at their optimum rate and don’t get denatured
  • Also protects cells from absorbing too much or too little water, for activities to occur
20
Q

What are the roles of the hypothalamus and dermis in thermoregulation?

A
  • The hypothalamus in the brain receives information from temperature receptors in the dermis of the skin
  • This is then used when deciding when and whether changes will occur to control temperature
21
Q

What might occur if the body is too cold (below 37 degrees)?

A
  • SHIVERING, which contracts and relaxes muscles repeatedly, to release energy to heat up
  • Contracting of ERECTOR muscles, causing hairs to stand up and traps air for insulation
  • VASOCONSTRICTION, which restricts blood flow near skin o reduce rate of energy transfer to outside the body
22
Q

What might occur if the body is too hot?

A
  • SWEATING, which forms a thin layer of sweat on the epidermis, which then evaporates: transferring heat energy to the surroundings
  • VASODILATION, which increases blood flow to the skin, resulting in more heat energy being lost through transfer
23
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A
  • It is found in the liver and decreases blood glucose concentration by causing cells to take in glucose
24
Q

What is: insulin, glucose, glycogen and glucagon?

A
  • Glucose is a simple sugar monomer, found in foods and in the bloodstream
  • Insulin converts glucose to glycogen, which is a polymer and is stored in liver cells
  • If blood glucose concentration is too low, glucagon (released by pancreas) converts glycogen back into glucose
25
Q

How is type 1 diabetes caused?

A
  • Pancreatic cells that produce insulin have been destroyed by the body’s immune system, meaning blood glucose levels cannot be maintained
26
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be controlled?

A
  • By injecting insulin into the fat layer below the skin, where it can be used to control levels of blood glucose
27
Q

How is type 2 diabetes caused?

A
  • By insulin-releasing cells not producing enough insulin or target organs not properly responding to the insulin
28
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A
  • Eating less sugar and doing more exercise both reduce the amount of glucose in the blood stream
  • Medicines may be given to reduce the amount of glucose released by the liver, or to increase sensitivity of cells in target organs
29
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body Mass Indicator

30
Q

What is the roles of the urinary system?

A
  • Remove waste products in blood
  • Regulate levels of ions
  • Regulate water levels
31
Q

What is the role of the renal veins and arteries?

A
  • Renal arteries carry blood from body to kidneys
  • Renal veins carry blood with wastes removed back to the body
32
Q

What is the role of the kidneys?

A
  • Remove excess and waste substances from blood and make urine
33
Q

What is the role of ureters?

A
  • Carry urine from kidneys to bladder
34
Q

What is the role of the bladder?

A
  • To store urine before it is excreted
  • Contains a muscle that keeps the exit closed until person is ready to take a piss
35
Q

What are nephrons?

A
  • Long tubule found in the kidney where filtration and reabsorption of blood occurs and urine is formed
36
Q

What is the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule?

A
  • The glomerulus is a network of capillaries, which runs inside the Bowman’s capsule
  • They are both adapted to let very small molecules such as water, urea and glucose through, but keep larger molecules such as proteins and blood cells in
  • This process is called filtration
37
Q

What happens in the nephrons after blood passes through the Bowman’s capsule?

A
  • Selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose and mineral ions occur
  • Active transport then pumps these substances through proteins in cell membrane of FIRST CONVOLUTED TUBULE, through active transport
38
Q

What happens in the nephron after the first convoluted tubule?

A
  • Water is reabsorbed by osmosis in the LOOP OF HENLE and COLLECTING DUCT
39
Q

What happens in the nephron after the loop of Henle and collecting duct?

A
  • Remaining fluid flows into ureter, containing excess water and other substances not needed, such as urea
40
Q

What are some ways in which the nephron is adapted to reabsorption?

A
  • Large surface area of contact between nephron and capillaries
  • Cell membrane of cells lining the first convoluted tube have microvilli, which increase SA:V ratio
  • Cells that use active transport contain many mitochondria
41
Q

What is the role of ADH in controlling blood water content?

A
  • When pituitary gland detects that there is too little water in blood, it releases ADH
  • ADH makes the collecting duct in nephrons more permeable, so that osmosis can occur
  • When water content is sufficient, no more ADH will be released, meaning collecting duct is impermeable
42
Q

What is kidney dialysis and how does it work?

A
  • Involves the exchange of substances between the person’s blood and a dialysis fluid
  • This is done as the person’s kidneys no longer operate, so waste products build up
  • Diffusion across the dialysis membrane occurs, which is partially permeable for small molecules
43
Q

What is organ donation and some of the drawbacks?

A
  • Kidney from another person is given to patient and attached to blood system
  • Cells have antigens that may lead to rejection
  • Surgery is long and may not be suitable for weaker patients
  • Patient will require life-long medication, which also leads to infection =s being more easily caught
44
Q

What is urea?

A
  • It is a waste substance that is poisonous, formed from the breakdown of amino acids

Bio P2 (4 decks)

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