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Biology > SB7-Animal coordination, control and homeostasis > Flashcards

SB7-Animal coordination, control and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What places are hormones released from?

A

Endocrine glands:
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Overies
Testes
Pancreas

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2
Q

Where is adrenaline released?

A

Adrenal glands

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3
Q

Where is testosterone released?

A

Testes

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4
Q

Where are oestrogen and progesterone released?

A

Ovaries

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5
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon released?

A

Pancreas

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6
Q

Where is thyroxine released?

A

Thyroid gland

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7
Q

Where are FSH and LH released?

A

Pituitary gland

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8
Q

What is a target organ?

A

An organ affected by a specific hormone

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9
Q

What is your metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which energy stored in food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in the body

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10
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Causes heart cells to contract more rapidly and strongly

Increases the rate of proteins and carbohydrates being broken down inside cells

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11
Q

What are the steps of the regulation of thyroxine levels in the blood?

A

Hypothalamus releases TRH

This stimulates the pituitary gland to release more TSH

This stimulates the thyroid gland to release more thyroxine which reaches the target organs

If there is lower than normal blood concentration of thyroxine cells the hypothalamus will be stimulated to become more active

If there is higher than normal blood concentration of thyroxine cells the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland will be inhibited to become less active

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12
Q

In what situations are large amounts of adrenaline released?

A

Frightening or exciting situations

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13
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A storage substance which is a polymer made of glucose molecules

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14
Q

What breaks down glycogen?

A

Adrenaline

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15
Q

What is glycogen broken down into?

A

Glucose molecules

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16
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A

Heart muscles contract more rapidly- increased heart rate
Heart muscles contract more strongly- increases blood pressure

Blood vessels leading to muscles widen- increased blood flow to muscles
Blood vessels leading to other organs narrow- reduced blood flow to those organs+ increased blood pressure

Liver cells breakdown glycogen into glucose which is released into blood- increases blood sugar concentration

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17
Q

How many days does the average menstrual cycle take?

A

28

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18
Q

What happens on day 1 of menstruation?

A

The thickened part of the uterus lining and unfertilised egg are lost during a period

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19
Q

What happens during the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus thickens again and ovulation takes place- egg cell is released from an ovary

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20
Q

What days of the menstrual cycle are an egg released?

A

13-15

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21
Q

What days of the menstrual cycle is fertilisation most likely?

A

18-21

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22
Q

What is contraception?

A

Prevention of fertilisation

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23
Q

What is a male condoms success rate?

A

98%

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24
Q

What is a diaphragm/cap success rate?

A

92-96%

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25
Q

What is a hormone pill/implant success rate?

A

> 99%

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26
Q

How do condoms prevent fertilisation?

A

Placed over erect penis, prevents sperm entering the vagina

27
Q

How do diaphragms/caps prevent fertilisation?

A

Placed over the cervix, preventing sperm in the vagina entering the uterus

28
Q

How do hormone pills/ implants prevent fertilisation?

A

Release hormones to prevent ovulation and thickens mucus at the cervix making it difficult for sperm to pass through

29
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

Useful for women who rarely or never release an egg during their menstrual cycle

Helps to increase the concentration of FSH and LH in the blood

30
Q

Explain the menstrual cycle hormone process:

A
31
Q

How is IVF carried out?

A

Egg follicle maturation stimulated by hormones

Egg cells released and taken from ovary

Sperm cells taken from man

Egg and sperm combined to allow fertilisation

One or two healthy embryos placed in uterus

32
Q

What stimulates the release of insulin?

A

Blood glucose concentration rising

33
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It causes cells in liver and other organs to take in glucose- lowering the blood glucose concentration

34
Q

What hormone does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin

35
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining constant conditions in the body

36
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

When someone’s pancreatic cells don’t produce insulin as they were destroyed by the immune system

It means they can’t control rising blood glucose concentration

37
Q

What is a treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

Injecting insulin where it can enter the blood, causing the blood glucose concentration to fall

38
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin-releasing cells don’t produce enough insulin or target organs aren’t responding properly to the hormone

39
Q

What are ways to treat type 2 diabetes?

A

Eating healthy and having a low sugar diet

Medication to reduce the amount of glucose the liver releases into the blood

Medication to increase the sensitivity of the cells in target organs that respond to insulin

40
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

Mass (kg) / height (m)2

41
Q

What is an underweight BMI?

A

Below 18.5

42
Q

What is a normal BMI?

A

18.5~>24.9

43
Q

What is an overweight BMI?

A

25.0~>29.9

44
Q

What is an obese BMI?

A

≥30.0

45
Q

How do you work out hip:waist ratio?

A

Waist/hips

46
Q

What is the normal body temp?

A

37°C

47
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The control of body temperature which keeps the temperature of the major organs close to 37°C most of the time

48
Q

What part of the brain monitors temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

49
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive information about temperature from?

A

Temperature receptors in the dermis of the skin

Receptors inside the hypothalamus detect temperature changes in the brain and the blood

50
Q

What are ways the hypothalamus tries to increase body temperature?

A

Shivering- when muscles contract and relax rapidly- some of the energy released from cell respiration warms you up

Contraction of erector muscles in the skin dermis- little effect in humans but in other mammals it traps air next to the skin- insulation

Reduction of blood flow near the skin- keeps warm blood deeper inside the body- reduces the rate of transfer of energy to the air by heating

51
Q

What are ways the hypothalamus tries to increase body temperature?

A

Sweating- sweat spreads as a thin layer over the skin epidermis where it evaporates- as it does this it transfers energy from the skin to the surroundings by heating- cooling down the skin

Increasing blood flow near to the surface of the skin making it easier for the blood to transfer energy to the air so we cool down

52
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control of the balance of water and mineral salts in the body

53
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

Remove excess amounts of some substances from the blood and removes waste products such as urea

54
Q

What is urea?

A

Produced in liver cells from the breakdown of amino acids which is then passed into the blood and carried to the kidneys

55
Q

Explain the steps of the urinary system:

A
56
Q

Why is kidney failure dangerous?

A

Waste substances increase in concentration of the blood

57
Q

What are the two treatments for kidney failure?

A

Dialysis

Organ donation

58
Q

Explain dialysis:

A
59
Q

Why is donation not suitable for all?

A

It requires hours of surgery which might be too much for weak patients

60
Q

What can cause the rejection of a donated kidney?

A

Immune system cells recognise the antigens on the kidney as foreign and attack them

61
Q

What are the steps of urine?

A

Blood runs through capillary network (glomerulus) which runs inside the bowmans capsule of each nephron

Filtration- The bowmans capsule and glomerulus let very small molecules like water urea and glucose through into the nephron while large molecules like proteins and blood cells stay in the blood

Filtration fluid flows inside the nephron- selective reabsorption of useful substances that the body needs occurs here (eg glucose) which are then pumped through proteins in the cell membranes in the first convoluted tubule of the nephron by active transport

Water is reabsorbed by osmosis which happens in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

The remaining fluid flows into the ureter as urine

62
Q

How is the nephron adapted for reabsorption of substances?

A

Large surface area of contact between the nephron and capillaries

Cell membrane of the cells lining the convoluted tubule has tiny folds called microvilli which increase the cells surface area:volume ratio

Cells that have protein pumps in their cell membrane contain many mitochondria

63
Q

What do the kidneys help control?

A

Water content in the blood

64
Q

How do the kidneys help control the water level of the blood?

A

The pituitary gland detects there is too little water in the blood and releases ADH which changes the permeability of the collecting duct in nephrons and increases the concentration of the urine

If the collecting duct is permeable, water is absorbed by osmosis into the blood from the collecting duct

When there is plenty of water in the blood the pituitary gland stops releasing ADH

Biology (9 decks)

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