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Biology > SB1-Key Concepts in Biology > Flashcards

SB1-Key Concepts in Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you work out a microscopes magnification?

A

Multiple the magnification of its lenses together

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2
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

Beams of electrons pass through a specimen to build up an image

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3
Q

Which type of microscopes have better resolution and magnification?

A

Electron

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4
Q

How many millimetres are in a metre?

A

1000

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5
Q

How many micrometres (μm) are in a metre?

A

1000000

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6
Q

How many nanometres (nm) are in a metre?

A

1000000000

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7
Q

How many picometres (pm) are in a metre?

A

1000000000000

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8
Q

What is an electron microscopes max resolution and magnification?

A

Resolution- 0.0000002
Magnification- x2000000

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9
Q

What is a light microscopes max resolution and magnification?

A

Resolution- 0.0001
Magnification- x1500

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10
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell with a nucleus

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11
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Separates one cell from another

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12
Q

What occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration

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13
Q

Where are ribosomes?

A

Cyptoplasm

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14
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Make new proteins for the cell

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15
Q

What is the cyptoplasm?

A

Jelly-like substance where most of the cells activities occur

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16
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes which contain DNA

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17
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

It controls the cell and it’s activities

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18
Q

What is the the cell wall?

A

It is made of cellulose and supports and protects the cell

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19
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

They contain chlorophyll which traps energy transferred from the sun which is used for photosynthesis

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20
Q

What does the permanent vacuole do?

A

It stores cell sap and helps keep the cell firm and rigid

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21
Q

What sub-cellular structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Cell wall

Chloroplasts

Permanent vacuole

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22
Q

What sub-cellular structure do animal cells have that plant cells do not?

A

Mitochondria

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23
Q

What are the steps you would take to use a microscope?

A

Collect a thin specimen

Add stain to the centre of a microscope slide

Place the specimen on the stain

Use a toothpick to lower a coverslip on the specimen

Examine with the microscope- start with the lowest magnification and work up to higher magnifications

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24
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be specialised?

A

They have a specific function/job which they are adapted for

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25
Q

How are the cells that line the small intestine specialised for their functions?

A

They have membranes with tiny foods (microvilli) which increase the surface area of the cell which increases the speed of absorption

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26
Q

How are enzymes adapted?

A

Having a lot of ribosomes as they are proteins

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27
Q

How are the walls of the small intestine adapted?

A

They have muscles to squeeze food along which require a lot of energy so have many mitochondria

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28
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells with two sets of chromosomes

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29
Q

What are haploid cells

A

Cells with one set of chromosomes

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30
Q

How many types of chromosomes are there?

A

23

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31
Q

How does an egg cell stop other sperm cells entering after fertilisation?

A

The cell membrane becomes hard

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32
Q

What does the egg cell have a lot of and why?

A

The cytoplasm has lots of nutrients to provide energy and raw materials for the embryos development

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33
Q

What allows the sperm cell to swim?

A

It’s tail waving side to side

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34
Q

What type of shape does a sperm cell have?

A

Streamlined shape

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35
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

A vacuole in the tip of a sperm cells head which contain enzymes that break down the substances in the egg cells jelly coat, allowing the sperm cell to burrow inside

36
Q

How are oviduct cells adapted?

A

They have hair-like cilia which wave from side to side to sweet substances along

37
Q

What does prokaryotic mean?

A

Cells without a nucleus, chromosomes, mitochondria or chloroplasts

38
Q

What do prokaryotic cells have instead of chromosomes?

A

One large loop of chromosomal DNA in the cyptoplasm

39
Q

What sub-cellular structures do most bacteria cells have?

A

Flagellum/flagella

Slime coat- protection

Flexible cell wall

Cyptoplasm

Chromosomal DNA

40
Q

How do bacteria get substances for energy, growth or development?

A

Release digestive enzymes into their environment and then absorb the digested food into their cells

41
Q

How do humans get substances for energy, growth or development?

A

Digestive enzymes turn large food molecules into smaller subunits which are small enough to be absorbed by the small intestine

42
Q

What is synthesis

A

Building larger molecules from smaller subunits

43
Q

What are polymers?

A

Small molecules (monomers) joined in a long chain

44
Q

What are catalysts?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but are unchanged by the reactioj

45
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A group of proteins that speed up breakdown (eg digestion) and synthesis reactions in living organisms

46
Q

What type of catalysts are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

47
Q

What does amylase speed up the breakdown of?

A

Starch to small sugars

48
Q

What does catalase speed up the breakdown of?

A

Hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

49
Q

What does iodine solution test for?

A

Starch

50
Q

What transformation does iodine solution go through when in contact with starch?

A

Yellow/orange ~> blue/black

51
Q

What does Benedict’s solution test for?

A

Reducing sugars

52
Q

How do you test for reducing sugars?

A

Mix a food solution with an equal volume of Benedict’s solution

Place in a hot water bath for a few minutes

53
Q

What transformation does iodine solution go through when in contact with reducing sugars?

A

Blue~> green/orange/red

This may form a precipitate

54
Q

What does green Benedict’s solution show?

A

Very little reducing sugar

55
Q

What does blue Benedict’s solution show?

A

No reducing sugar

56
Q

What does orange Benedict’s solution show?

A

More reducing sugar

57
Q

What does red Benedict’s solution show?

A

Lots of reducing sugar

58
Q

What transformation happens in the biuret test if proteins are present?

A

Pale blue ~> purple

59
Q

What does the biuret test test for?

A

Proteins

60
Q

How do you perform the biuret test?

A

Potassium hydroxide is mixed with a solution of the food

Two drops of copper sulfate solution are added

61
Q

What happens when ethanol comes into contact with lipids?

A

Fats and oils dissolved in the ethanol float to the surface, forming a cloudy emulsion

62
Q

How do you perform the ethanol emulsion test?

A

Mix the food with ethanol and shake

Pour this mixture into water and shake again

Leave to stand

63
Q

What does the ethanol emulsion test test for?

A

Fats and oils (lipids)

64
Q

What can you use to measure the amount of energy in a food?

A

Burn it in a calorimeter

65
Q

What forms a protein?

A

A chain of amino acids

66
Q

What forms proteins 3D shape?

A

Folding of the chain

67
Q

What is an active site?

A

Where the substrate of the enzyme fits at the start of a reaction. Different enzymes have different active sites which is why every enzyme can only work with one specific substrate- the one that fits the active site

68
Q

What is denatured enzyme?

A

An enzyme that will no longer catalyse the reaction as it’s active site has changes shape too mich

69
Q

What causes an enzyme to denature?

A

Changes in pH or temperature which affect how the protein folds up

70
Q

Why does an increase in temperature increase the rate of reaction and then drop it?

A

As the temperature increases molecules move faster which increases the chance of substrate molecules bumping into enzyme molecules and slotting into the active site

However if the temperature gets too high it will cause the enzyme to denature as it will change the shape of the active site

71
Q

What is the optimum temperature?

A

The temperature at which an enzyme works fastest

72
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of gas and liquid particles from an area of high to low concentration down the concentration gradient

73
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference between an area of high concentration and an area of low concentration

74
Q

What does an increase in the difference between two concentrations do?

A

It makes the concentration gradient steeper and so diffusion faster

75
Q

What does diffusion allow?

A

Small molecules (like oxygen) to move in and out of cells

76
Q

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

A

A membrane that allows some molecules through it and not others

77
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration following the concentration gradient

78
Q

What can osmosis cause?

A

Tissues to gain or lose mass

79
Q

What is the formula for percentage change in mass?

A

Percentage change in mass = [(Final mass- initial mass) / initial mass ] x 100

80
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transportation of molecules against a concentration gradient

81
Q

Where is active transport carried out?

A

By transport proteins in cell membrane

82
Q

What does active transport require and why?

A

Energy

83
Q

Why do osmosis and diffusion not require energy?

A

They are passive processes

84
Q

How does active transport occur?

A

Transport proteins capture certain molecules and carry them across the cell membrane

85
Q

What process do roots use to take water from the soil?

A

Osmosis

Biology (9 decks)

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