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SB7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

By various gland called endocrine glands which make up your endocrine system

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2
Q

Describe the general role of hormones in the
body

A

Hormones control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment

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3
Q

Describe how hormones are transported
around the body

A

In the blood

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4
Q

The production and purpose of the pituitary gland

A

Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. Sometimes it is called the ‘master gland’ because theses hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring out a change. Releases ACTH, FSH, and growth hormones.

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5
Q

The production and purpose of the thyroid gland

A

This produces thyroxine, which is involved in regulating the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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6
Q

The production and purpose of the ovaries

A

Produces oestrogen, which is involved in the mensural cycle

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7
Q

The production and purpose of the adrenal glands

A

These produce adrenaline which is used to prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’

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8
Q

The production and purpose of the testes

A

Produces testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males

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9
Q

The production and purpose of the pancreas

A

This produces insulin which is used to regulate the blood glucose level

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10
Q

What is a target organ

A

The organ affected by a specific hormone, causing a change in what it is doing.

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11
Q

ADH’s target organ

A

Kidney

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12
Q

Adrenaline target organ

A

Several targets including organs in the respiratory and circulatory systems

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13
Q

Insulin target organ

A

Liver

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14
Q

Describe the effects of adrenalin on the body

A

It prepares your body for ‘fight or flight’ by increasing the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells.

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15
Q

Explain how adrenalin prepares the body for fight or flight in the heart

A
  • Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart causing it to contact more frequently and causing heart rate and blood pressure to increase.
  • This increases blood flow to the muscles allowing the cells to receive more oxygen and glucose for respiration
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16
Q

Explain how adrenalin prepares the body for fight or flight in the liver

A
  • Adrenaline binds to receptors in the live causing it to break down its glycogen stores releasing glucose.
  • This increase blood glucose level, so there is more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells.
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17
Q

Define metabolic rate

A

The rate at which the energy stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive.

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18
Q

Describe the effect of thyroxine on
metabolic rate

A

It increases as it controls the speed at which oxygen and food products react to release energy for the body to use.

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19
Q

Describe how a negative feedback
mechanism works.

A

When the body detects that the level of a substance has gone above or below the normal level it triggers a response to bring the level back to normal again.

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20
Q

Explain how negative feedback controls the production of thyroxine when too low

A

The hypothalamus it stimulated to release thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). This stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH). This stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine to put the blood levels back to normal.

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21
Q

Explain how negative feedback controls the production of thyroxine when too high

A

When too high the release of TRH from the hypothalamus is inhibited, which reduces the production of TSH, so the blood thyroxine level falls.

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22
Q

Explain why negative feedback
mechanisms are important in living organisms.

A

It allows the body to regulate itself

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23
Q

Describe what happens during the menstrual cycle.

A

A monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus in case the egg is fertilized

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24
Q

Describe the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle.

A

It is released by the ovaries causing the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow. A high level causes an LH surge

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25
Q

Describe the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle.

A

It is released by the corpus luteum after ovulation. It maintain the lining of the uterus by inhibiting the release of FSH and LH. When the level of progesterone falls, and there’s low oestrogen level the uterus lining breaks down. Low progesterone level allows FSH to increase starting the cycle again.

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26
Q

Describe the function of luteinising hormone (LH) in the menstrual cycle.

A

It is released by the pituitary gland and the LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14 as the follicle ruptures and the egg is released. It stimulates the remains of the follicle to develop into a structure called a corpus luteum - which secretes progesterone.

27
Q

Describe the function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the menstrual cycle.

A

It is released by the pituitary gland and causes a follicle to mature in one of the ovaries. It also stimulates oestrogen production.

28
Q

What happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation begins and the lining of the uterus breaks down and is released.

29
Q

What happens on days 4-14 of the menstrual cycle

A

The uterus lining is repaired until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilised egg to implant there.

30
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

An egg develops and is released from the ovary

31
Q

What happens on days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle

A

The lining is maintained for about 14 days, until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down again and the whole cycle starts over.

32
Q

Explain how barrier methods can be used as contraception.

A

Put a barrier between the egg and the sperm to ensure they do not meet. eg condoms, diaphragms

33
Q

Explain how hormones can be used as contraception.

A

Oestrogen can be used to prevent the release of an egg. Progesterone can stimulate production of thick cervical mucus. The pill and the mini-pill are examples of this.

34
Q

Compare, contrast and evaluate hormonal and barrier methods of contraception.

A

When used correctly, hormonal methods are more effective and easier to remember use. Although they can have bad side effects and does not protect against STI’s

35
Q

Describe how changes in hormones affect the uterus wall, ovulation and menstruation.

A
36
Q

Describe examples of Assisted
Reproductive Technology (ART).

A

IVF- collecting the eggs from a woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab with sperm from a man

37
Q

Explain how clomiphene is used to stimulate ovulation.

A

Clomifene is a drug used as a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation, the release of eggs. It works by blocking the action of oestrogen’s negative feedback on LH. Therefore more LH is released in a surge. This mimics the LH surge which occurs just before ovulation.

38
Q

Explain how hormones are used in IVF treatment.

A

1) IVF involves giving a mother FSH and LH, to stimulate the maturation of several eggs in the ovary
2) the eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in a dish in the laboratory
3) the fertilised eggs develop into embryos
4) at the stage when they are tiny balls of cells one or two embryos are inserted into the mother’s uterus (womb)

39
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining the right conditions inside your body, so that everything works properly

40
Q

Explain why a constant internal environment is important

A

To keep your cells in the right conditions in order to function properly

41
Q

Explain the role of insulin in regulating blood glucose concentration.

A

If the blood glucose concentration is too high, the pancreas produces the hormone insulin, this causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells. In liver and muscle cells excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage, and will be used at a later date.

42
Q

Explain the role of glucagon in regulating blood glucose concentration.

A

If the blood glucose level is too low, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon. This travels to the liver in the blood and causes the break-down of glycogen into glucose. The glucose enters the blood stream and glucose levels increase back to normal.

43
Q

Explain how type 1 diabetes is caused.

A

Where the pancreas produces little or no insulin

44
Q

Explain how type 1 diabetes can be controlled.

A
  • Limiting the intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates
  • Taking regular exercise to remove excess glucose from the blood
  • Insulin therapy
45
Q

Explain how type 2 diabetes is caused

A

When the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when a person become resistant to insulin

46
Q

Explain how type 2 diabetes can be controlled

A

Eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise and losing weight

47
Q

Describe the correlation between body mass and type 2 diabetes.

A

As body mass increases the likelihood of having type 2 diabetes also increases

48
Q

Explain how BMI and waist : hip ratio are related to body mass.

A

Storing a lot of fat around the abdomen which is an indication from a waist : hip ratio of diabetes. A high BMI also shows this.

49
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

The process your body uses to keep its internal temperature steady

50
Q

Explain the importance of thermoregulation in enzyme activity.

A

The enzymes in the body work at 37 degrees celsius, else they will slow down or denature

51
Q

Explain the role of the skin in thermoregulation when too hot [blood flow in dermis, sweating

A

The erector muscles relax meaning the hairs lie flat. Sweat is produced in the sweat glands in the dermis and released through the pores of the skin. Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) allowing more blood near the surface of the skin to transfer energy to the surroundings.

52
Q

Explain the role of the skin in thermoregulation when too cold [blood flow in dermis, sweating

A

The erector muscles contract meaning the hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer of air near the surface of the skin. Very little sweat is produced. Blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) allowing less blood near the surface of the skin to transfer less energy to the surroundings. Shivering increases the rate of respiration transferring more energy to warm up.

53
Q

Explain the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation.

A

The skin also has temperature receptors and sends nervous impulses back to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus responds to this information by sending nerve impulses to effectors in the skin to maintain body temperature.

54
Q

What does the renal vein do

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys

55
Q

What does the renal artery do

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys

56
Q

What does the kidney do

A

Regulates water content and filters blood

57
Q

What does the ureter do

A

Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

58
Q

What else is in the urinary system

A

Bladder, Urethra

59
Q

How is urea formed

A

Urea is produced from the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver. The body does not need too much salt, therefore kidneys will filter out the salts when the levels are too high.

60
Q

Define the term ‘osmoregulation’.

A

Regulates water content in the body

61
Q

Describe how kidney failure is treated

A

Dialysis - Unfiltered blood that is high in urea is taken from a blood vessel in the arm, mixed with blood thinners or an anti-coagulant to prevent clotting, and pumped into the dialysis machine. Inside the machine the blood and dialysis fluid are separated by a partially permeable membrane the blood flows in the opposite direction to dialysis fluid, allowing exchange to occur between the two where a concentration gradient exists.
Kidney transplants - This procedure involves implanting a kidney from an organ donor into the patient’s body to replace the damaged kidney.

62
Q

Why is osmoregulation is important

A

To keep cells functioning normally, cells can burst with too much water or shrink when there is not enough.

63
Q

What happens at a nephron to allow filtration

A

1) The liquid par of the blood is forced out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman’s capsule at high pressure. Bigger molecules and blood cells can’t pass through the membranes and are not forced out.

2) As the liquid flows along the nephron useful substances are reabsorbed:
- All the glucose is selectively reabsorbed
- Sufficient ions are reabsorbed
- Sufficient water is reabsorbed

3) Whatever isn’t reabsorbed continues out of the nephron via the collecting duct. It then passes into the ureter and down to the bladder as urine and then released through the urethra

64
Q

Explain the role of ADH in controlling body water content

A

ADH is released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated and it causes the kidney tubules to become more permeable. This allows more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood during selective reabsorption.

Biology (5 decks)

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