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Biology > Cb2d+CB1h > Flashcards

Cb2d+CB1h Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Percentage change in mass=

A

Final mass-initial mass /initial mass x 100

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2
Q

What are the advantages of using percentile curves to assess growth and development of a young baby

A
  • Ablity to spot a medical problem earlier
  • Make sure the baby stays in the correct percentile
  • Easily report the points in the baby’s growth that are concerning
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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of using percentile curves to assess growth and development of a young baby

A
  • Only mesuares growth

- Does not diagnose illness

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4
Q

Plant variation is

A

the variation that we see due to different types

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5
Q

What are specialised cells

A

Made through differentiation

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6
Q

What are meristem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells in plants found in the roots

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7
Q

What are palisade cells

A
  • Top of the leaf
  • Tall and has a large surface area to catch as much sunlight as possible
  • Packed with chloroplasts
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8
Q

What are Root hair cells

A
  • Large surface area to absorb lots of water
  • Thin cell wall to allow water to pass through easily
  • Doesn’t contain any chloroplasts
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9
Q

What is the Xylem cells

A
  • Xylem vessels consist of dead cells

- Thick, strengthened cell wall with a hollow middle

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10
Q

Functions of palisade cells

A

Carry out photosynthesis

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11
Q

Function of Xylem cell

A

Involved in movement of water through the plant

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12
Q

Function of a Root hair cell

A

Absorbs minerals and water from the soil

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13
Q

Function of the Meristem cell

A
  • Can give rise to any other types of cells

- Found in zones where plant growth takes place e.g shoots and roots

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14
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells

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15
Q

What are embroyotic stem cells

A

Cells found in embryos and can difdertiate into almost every type of human cell

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16
Q

What are adult stem cells

A

Adult stem cells can only differentiate into a few types of other cells and o ce it has it cannot turn into another type of cell

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17
Q

How does cells become a baby

A

Mitosis, differentiation, baby

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18
Q

Risks of using stem cells

A
  • Can continue to divide in the body to produce cancer

- Stem cells form another person can be rejected by the patients immune system

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19
Q

A disease that can be treated by stem cells

A

Cardiovascular disease

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20
Q

Benefits of using stem cells

A
  • Used to replace damaged or diseased cells
  • Used for testing new drugs before they are tried on people
  • Can be studied to show how some cells become damaged, so that new treatments can be developed
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21
Q

List the different parts of the brain

A

Hypothalamus, Spinal cord, Medulla oblongata, Cerebellum, Cerebral hemispheres/ cortex

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22
Q

What does the spinal cord do

A

Make up the CNS

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23
Q

What does the Medulla oblongata do

A

Controls heart beat, movements of the gut and breathing

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24
Q

What does the Cerebellum do

A

Control coordinated muscular activity and balance

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25
Q

What does the Cerebral hemispheres/ cortex do

A

Controls consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

26
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

27
Q

What happens during Interphase

A

The cell spends most of its life in this phase. The DNA in chromosomes copies itself ready for mitosis.

28
Q

What happens during Prophase

A

The DNA in chromosomes and their copies condenses to become more visible. The membrane around the nucleus disappears.

29
Q

What happens during Metaphase

A

Chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell.

30
Q

What happens during Anaphase

A

Chromosomes and their copies are pulled to different ends of the cell.

31
Q

What happens during Telophase

A

New membranes form around the chromosomes at each end of the cell.

32
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis

A

The cell membrane pinches in and eventually divides into two daughter cells.

33
Q

Describe how brain tumours can be treated.

A

Brian tumors can be treated by radio therapy, chemotherapy (cancerous) and surgery (non cancerous). This is in hope to control the abnormal growth in cells as they divide in an uncontrollable way.

34
Q

What is a PET scan

A

Gamma rays are detected as a position from a radioactive substance in your body annihilates an electron into the patients body producing a 3D image of the body

35
Q

What is a CT scan

A

The X-rays are detected and are used to reduce and image of a thin slice of the brain on a computer screen in which the different soft tissues of the brain can be distinguished.

36
Q

Explain the advantages of using a PET scanner

A

Only takes half an hour, little recovery time and can differentiate between cancerous and non cancerous.

37
Q

Explain the advantages of using a CT scanner

A

Used to detect and manage brain disease during illness

38
Q

Explain the disadvantages of using a PET scanner

A
  • Pregnant women cannot use it
  • Diabetics can only undergo with precautions
  • Limited number of times someone can have this scan due to radioactivity
39
Q

Explain the disadvantages of using a CT scanner

A
  • Frozen movement pictures
  • Examine structures not functions
  • X rays can be harmful
  • Patient needs to remains still otherwise blurry image
40
Q

What are receptor cells

A

Cells in organs that detect changes in the surroundings (a stimulus)

41
Q

What is the order of the nervous system

A

Stimulus –> Impulse starts at receptors –> impulse passed along sensory neurone –> Impulse travels to CNS –> Impulse passed along motor neuron –> Effector receives impulse to react –> Response

42
Q

Features of a sensory neuron

A

Axon, Dendron, Axon terminal, Dendrites, Cell body, Myelin sheath

43
Q

What do sensory neurones do

A

Carry impulses from the receptor to the CNS

44
Q

What are relay neurones

A
  • Short neurones found in the spinal cord, linking sensory and motor neurones as well as making up nerve tissue in the brain
  • No dendrons so dendrites are on the cell body
45
Q

What do motor neurones do

A
  • Carry impulses to effectors

- No dendrons so dendrites are on the cell bodyj

46
Q

What are synapses

A
  • Where neurones meet each other which contains a tiny gap

- They slow down transmission speed

47
Q

What is the stages of an impulse travelling through a synapse

A
  • Electrical impulses reach the end of the neuron (axon terminal)
  • It is then transferred to be a chemical (neurotransmitter), when it is between the axon and dendrite
  • The neurotransmitter binds with a receptor before continuing through to the next neurone as a new impulse has been generated.
48
Q

List the parts of the eye

A

Lens, Cornea, Ciliary muscles, Iris, Optic nerve, Retina, Rods and Cones

49
Q

Function of the lens

A

Focuses light on the retina

50
Q

Function of the cornea

A

Found on the outer surface focusing the light on the retina

51
Q

Function of the Pupil

A

Where the light enters in the dark area

52
Q

Function of the Ciliary muscles

A

Changes the shape of the lens for fine recording

53
Q

Function of the Iris

A

Muscles in the Iris control the amount of light entering the eye by constricting or dilating the pupil

54
Q

Function of the Rods and Cones

A

Receptor cells at the back of your eye. The cones are for detecting colour in light. The rods detect the light intensity.

55
Q

Function of the Optic Nerve

A

Neurones that carry nerve impulses from rods and cones to the brain

56
Q

How to correct cataracts

A

Replacing the old clouded lens with a plastic one

57
Q

How to correct colour blindness

A

Cannot be corrected

58
Q

Why are people short sighted, what do they see and how do you correct it

A

Distant objects are blurry due to the eyeball being too long or the lens not being able to get thin enough. This can be corrected by using a diverging lens to change the light focus point or laser surgery to reshape the cornea

59
Q

Why are people long sighted, what do they see and how do you correct it

A

Close objects are blurry due to the eyeball being too short or the cornea not being curved enough. This can be corrected by using a converging lens to change the light focus point or laser surgery to reshape the cornea.

60
Q

Growth is…

A

an increase in the number of cells in an organism

61
Q

Growth can be measured by

A

length, height, mass ect

62
Q

What is the cytoplasm of fat cells

A

Filled with large fat droplets stored until the body needs energy

Biology (5 decks)

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