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Biology SB > SB4 Key Words > Flashcards

SB4 Key Words Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ardi?

A

Nickname for a 4.4 million year old fossilised specimen of Ardipithecus Ramidus.

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2
Q

Binomial system?

A

System of naming organisms using two Latin words.

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3
Q

Evolution?

A

A change in one or more characteristics of a population over a long period of time.

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4
Q

Lucy?

A

Nickname for a 3.2 million year old fossilised specimen of Australopithecus Afarensis.

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5
Q

Species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce with each other to produce offspring that will also be able to reproduce

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6
Q

Ancestor?

A

An organism from which more recent organisms are descended.

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7
Q

Antibiotic?

A

Medicine that helps people recover from a bacterial infection by killing the pathogen.

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8
Q

Competition?

A

There is competition between organisms that need the same things as each other. We say they ‘compete’ for those things.

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9
Q

Genetic variation / inherited variation?

A

Differences between organisms caused by difference in genes passed on from parents.

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10
Q

Natural selection?

A

A process in which organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species.

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10
Q

Resistant?

A

Unaffected or less affected by something.

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11
Q

Pentadactyl limb?

A

A limb that has 5 digits (fingers and thumbs). Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals have this in common.

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12
Q

Classification?

A

Sorting things into groups.

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13
Q

Domain?

A

The three main groups that organisms are now sorted into: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

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14
Q

Kingdom?

A

A group of similar organisms.

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15
Q

Artificial selection?

A

When people choose organisms with certain characteristics and use only those for breeding.

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16
Q

Breed?

A

Group of animals of the same species that have characteristics that make them different to others of that species.

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17
Q

Gene?

A

Section of a long strand of DNA found in a chromosome, which often contains instructions for a protein.

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18
Q

Genetic engineering / genetic modification?

A

Altering the genome of an organism, often by adding genes from another species.

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19
Q

Genetically modified organism?

A

Organism that has been produced using genetic engineering.

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20
Q

GMO?

A

Genetically modified organism.

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21
Q

Genome?

A

All the DNA in an organism. Each body cell contains a copy of the genome.

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22
Q

Selective breeding?

A

When humans choose an organism that has a certain characteristic and then breed more of these organisms, making that chosen characteristic more obvious.

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23
Q

Variety?

A

Group of plants of the same species that have characteristics that make them different to other members of the species.

24
Q

Yield?

A

The amount of useful product that you can get from something.

25
Q

Callus?

A

Small clump of unspecialised plant cells.

26
Q

Clone?

A

Offspring that is genetically identical to its parents.

27
Q

Differentiate?

A

When a cell becomes specialised for a particular function.

28
Q

Extinction?

A

When a species dies out.

29
Q

Reject?

A

When the immune system attacks tissue and cells that it does not recognise.

30
Q

Stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell that continues to divide by mitosis to produce more stem cells and other cells that differentiate into specialised cells.

31
Q

Tissue culture?

A

Growing tiny pieces of tissue or cells in or on a medium containing nutrients.

32
Q

Virus?

A

A particle that can infect cells and cause them to make copies of the virus.

33
Q

Alleles?

A

Different versions of genes.

34
Q

Base?

A

There are four substances that make up the DNA, A + T, C + G

35
Q

Diabetes?

A

Disease in which the body cannot control the blood glucose concentration at the correct level.

36
Q

Insulin?

A

The hormone that decreases blood glucose concentration. Used in the treatment of type 1 diabetes.

37
Q

Ligase?

A

An enzyme that joins two DNA molecules together.

38
Q

Plasmid?

A

A small loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria.

39
Q

Recombinant DNA?

A

DNA made by joining two sections of DNA together.

40
Q

Restriction enzyme?

A

An enzyme that cuts DNA molecule into pieces.

41
Q

Sticky end?

A

A short section of single stranded DNA found at the end of a section of DNA that has been cut by a restriction enzyme.

42
Q

Type 1 diabetes?

A

Type of diabetes in which the pancreas does not produce insulin.

43
Q

Vector?

A

Anything that transfers material from one organism to another.

44
Q

Bt toxins?

A

A natural insecticide made by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis that kills some type of caterpillar.

45
Q

Insecticides?

A

A chemical substance used to kill insect pest of crops.

46
Q

Monoculture?

A

A large area of one kind of crop.

47
Q

Pest?

A

An animal that causes problems, such as by damaging crops.

48
Q

Strain?

A

Bacteria of a species that are slightly different to other strains of the species.

49
Q

Biological control?

A

Using living organisms to kill pests or weeds.

50
Q

Fertiliser?

A

Substance that adds plant nutrients to soil.

51
Q

Pollution?

A

Harm caused to the environment.

52
Q

Weeds?

A

Plants that are growing where they are unwanted.

53
Q

Variation?

A

Genetic variation between the individuals of any species. This is often caused by mutation.

54
Q

Overproduction?

A

Most species will produce more young than will survive to adult-hood. This means that some will die, some will survive.

55
Q

Struggle for existance?

A

environmental change can lead to a shortage of resources e.g. food, leading to competition for survival between the organisms.

56
Q

Survival of the fittest?

A

Those with advantageous variations are more likely to survive change in the environment.

57
Q

Advantageous characteristics inherited?

A

Better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce successfully passing on the advantageous characteristics to their offspring​

58
Q

Gradual change?

A

Over a period of time the proportion of individuals with the advantageous characteristics in the population will increase and the population will change, leading to evolution.

Biology SB (4 decks)

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