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Biology SB > SB3 Key Words > Flashcards

SB3 Key Words Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fertilisation?

A

Fusing of a male gamete with a female gamete.

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2
Q

Clone?

A

All the cells in a clone are genetically identical to each other and to the parent’s cells.

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3
Q

Vertebrate?

A

Animal with bones, such as a human.

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4
Q

Invertebrate?

A

An animal without bones, such as an insect or worm.

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5
Q

Mitosis?

A

The process of diploid cells dividing to produce two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent.

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6
Q

Asexual reproduction?

A

Producing new organisms from one parent only. These organisms are genetically identical to the parent.

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7
Q

Variation?

A

Differences in the characteristics of organisms?

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that needs a male and a female parent.

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9
Q

Chromosome?

A

A structure found in the nuclei of cells. Each chromosome contains one enormously long DNA molecule packed up with proteins.

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10
Q

DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. A polymer made of sugar and phosphate groups joined to bases. One molecule of DNA is found in each chromosome.

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11
Q

Egg cell?

A

The female gamete in humans.

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12
Q

Genome?

A

All the DNA in an organism. Each body cell contains a copy of the genome.

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13
Q

Haploid?

A

A cell or nucleus that has one set of chromosomes. Gametes are haploid.

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14
Q

Sperm cell?

A

The male gamete in humans.

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15
Q

Gamete?

A

A haploid cell used for sexual reproduction.

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16
Q

Meiosis?

A

A form of cell division in which one parent cell produces four haploid daughter cells.

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17
Q

Daughter cell?

A

A cell produced by another cell that has divided.

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18
Q

Polymer?

A

A molecule made out of a chain of repeating similar units (called monomers).

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19
Q

Zygote?

A

Another term for fertilised egg cell.

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20
Q

Replicate? (DNA)

A

When DNA makes a copy of itself.

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21
Q

Gene?

A

Section of the long strand of DNA found in a chromosome, which often contains instructions for a protein.

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22
Q

Diploid?

A

A cell or nucleus that has two sets of chromosomes. In humans, almost all cells except the sperm and egg cells are diploid.

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond?

A

Weak force of attraction caused by differences in the electrical charge on different parts of different molecules.

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24
Q

Base (in DNA)?

A

Four substances that help make up DNA, often shown by the letters A, C, G and T. Pairs of bases form ‘links’ between two ‘spines’ formed of phosphate groups and a type of sugar.

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25
Q

Adenine?

A

One of four bases found in DNA. Often written as A.

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26
Q

Complementary base pair?

A

Two DNA bases that fit into each other and link by hydrogen bonds. A + T and C + G

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27
Q

Cytosine?

A

One of four bases found in DNA. Often written as C.

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28
Q

Double helix?

A

Two helices joined together.

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29
Q

Guanine?

A

One of four bases found in DNA. Often written as G.

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30
Q

Thymine?

A

One of four bases found in DNA. Often written as T.

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31
Q

Mutations?

A

A change to a gene caused by a mistake in copying the DNA base pairs during cell division, or by radiation or of certain chemicals.

32
Q

Allele?

A

Different versions of genes. e.g. eye colour etc.

33
Q

Genetic disorder?

A

A problem caused by genes.

34
Q

Phenotype?

A

The characteristics that a certain set of alleles display.

35
Q

Homozygous?

A

When both the alleles for a gene are the same in an organism, bb or BB

36
Q

Dominant?

A

Allele that will always affect the phenotype.

37
Q

Genetic diagram?

A

Diagram showing how the alleles in two parents may form different combinations in the offspring when the parents reproduce.

38
Q

Genetic variation / inherited variation?

A

Differences between organisms passed on to offspring by their parents in reproduction.

39
Q

Genotype?

A

The alleles for a certain characteristic that are found in an organism.

40
Q

Heterozygous?

A

When both the alleles for a gene are different in an organism.

41
Q

Recessive?

A

Allele that will only affect the phenotype if the other allele is also recessive. It has no affect if the other allele is dominant.

42
Q

Monohybrid inheritance?

A

The study of how the alleles of just one gene are passed from parents to offspring.

43
Q

Family pedigree tree?

A

A chart showing the phenotypes and sexes of several generations of the same family, to trach inheritance.

44
Q

Punnett square?

A

Diagram used to predict the different characteristics in the offspring of two organisms with known combination of alleles.

45
Q

Sex chromosomes?

A

Chromosome that determines the sex of an organism. Male Y chromo and X chromo. Female two X chromos.

46
Q

Sex - linker genetic disorder?

A

A disorder caused by genes that are inherited differently in males and females because they are carried on the sex chromosomes.

47
Q

ABO blood groups?

A

Blood group system in humans which produces four phenotypes: blood groups A, B, AB, O

48
Q

Carrier?

A

An individual who has a recessive allele but does not show the phenotype caused by that allele.

49
Q

Codominant?

A

Two alleles that both affect the phenotype, e.g. AB blood group.

50
Q

Human genome project?

A

The project that mapped the base pairs in the human genome.

51
Q

Environmental variation?

A

A characteristic that can change during life, due to a change in the environment.

52
Q

Continuous variation?

A

Continuous data that can take between 2 limits. include length, mass and time.

53
Q

Acquired characteristics?

A

Differences between organisms caused by environmental factors, such as amount of heat, light, damage.

54
Q

Discontinuous variation?

A

Data values that can only have one of a set number of options are discontinuous. Includes shoe size and blood groups.

55
Q

Mean? (maths)

A

An average calculated by adding up the values of a set of measurements and dividing by the number of measurements in the set.

56
Q

Median? (maths)

A

The middle value in a data set.

57
Q

Mode? (maths)

A

The most common value in a data set.

58
Q

Range? (maths)

A

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data. (usually ignoring any outliers or anomalous results)

59
Q

Ribosome?

A

A protein that attaches to mRNA. It allows transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to match up with the mRNA codons and also joins the amino acids together.

60
Q

Translation?

A

The process by which the genetic code in a molecule of mRNA is used to make a polypeptide.

61
Q

Transcription?

A

The process by which the genetic code in one strand of DNA molecules is used to make mRNA.

62
Q

Messenger RNA?

A

A single strand of RNA produced in transcription.

63
Q

Nuclear pore?

A

A small hole in the membrane around the nucleus.

64
Q

Ribonucleic acid?

A

Full name of RNA.

65
Q

Uracil?

A

A base found in RNA but not in DNA.

66
Q

RNA?

A

Abbreviation of ribonucleic acid. The molecule is made of phosphate groups and sugars (called ribose) linked together with one of four bases.

67
Q

RNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme that creates mRNA from DNA.

68
Q

Template strand?

A

The strand of a DNA molecule that RNA polymerase uses to make mRNA.

69
Q

Polypeptide?

A

A chain of amino acids.

70
Q

Transfer RNA?

A

A molecule of RNA that carries an amino acid.

71
Q

Codon?

A

A set of three bases (a triplet) found in DNA and RNA. The genetic code is formed from patterns of codons.

72
Q

Genetic code?

A

A set of rules defining how the base order in DNA or RNA is turned into a specific sequence of amino acids joined in a polypeptide chain.

73
Q

tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA.

74
Q

mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA.

75
Q

Non coding?

A

Do not code for amino acids.

76
Q

Coding?

A

Codes for amino acids.

Biology SB (4 decks)

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