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Biology Paper 1 Mock > Sb3 Genetics > Flashcards

Sb3 Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve

A

Fertilisation if a female sex cell by a male sex cell

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2
Q

Clones definition

A

Offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

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3
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Advantage - combines characteristics from both parent and so produces offspring that are diffrent from one another this is an advantage if their are any changes to offspring environment as they have more genetic variation meaning that their is a greater chance some offspring will be able to adapt and survive and be better suited to the new environment

Disadvantage- it is time consuming to find a mate and then hard to impress a mate

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4
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Advantage- asexual reproduction is much faster as their is no need to find a mate

Disadvantage - their is no genetic variation within offspring so if their was to be a change in environment they will either all die or all live . For example if their was a new disease on a potato farm and one of the potatoes died that means all the potatoes would die aswel as they all have the exact same genetic info

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5
Q

What’s a zygote

A

A fertilised egg cell

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6
Q

What does a zygote then form

A

It then forms a ball cells called an embryo through mitosis

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7
Q

What’s found in DNA

A

In dna is the code for the instructions of an organsim

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8
Q

Genome definition

A

The complete DNA of an organism

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9
Q

What are genes

A

The sections of a DNA molecule ( dna molecule if unravelled would be 2m long so the dna is tightly coiled so it takes up less space each coil is a section or chromosome their are 46 coils .)

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10
Q

What is a chromosome made up of

A

Proteins and DNA

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11
Q

What are proteins

A

Polymers made by linking different amino acids together in a chain

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12
Q

Protein synthesis steps and summary

A

Transcription - taking a single gene and copying it into mRNA

Translation - taking the mRNA and making it into a protein

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13
Q

What are genes and their significance

A

Small sections of DNA that have a specific sequence of bases and so are able to code for a particular amino acid and when combined will form a particular protein .

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14
Q

Why do we have to make a copy of a gene to make a protein

A

Because the DNA is to bug it can’t leave the nucleus

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15
Q

What’s is mRNA

A

mRNA copy of a single gene that gets taken to the ribosome from the nucleus

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16
Q

Structure of mRNA vs DNA

A

1) shorter than DNA as it’s only a single gene long
2) only a single strand rather than a double strand like DNA
3) instead of thymine it contains uracil

17
Q

Transcription process

A
  • The DNA strands will separate just ahead of the RNA polymerase to make space for the RNA polymerase to go through
    -RNA polymerase will go through the gene you want to copy and it will read each complementary based pairs and will copy it
  • now you have a copy which is mRNA which is free to leave the nucleus and head to a ribosome
18
Q

What is a triplet / codon and what does it do

A

A group of three bases that codes for a specific amino acid

19
Q

Translation process

A
  • once mRNA reaches the ribosome they bind together
  • the ribosome then builds the protein by adding one amino acid at a time
    -the amino acids are brought to the the ribosome by a molecule called tRNA
  • tRNA molecules have the amino acid at the top and anti codon at the bottom ( complementary to the three bases on the mRNA that code for the amino acid the tRNA is carrying
    The tRNA brings down the correct amino acids int he correct order and then the ribosomes job is to then join them and start building up a chain of amino acids
  • this process repeats down the chain until, the ribosome detaches itself
  • last step the chain folds up upon itself to form a protein
20
Q

What is DNA

A

A chemical polymer ( made up of lots of similar units stuck together ) that all our genetic material is made up of

21
Q

What is a double helix

A

2 strands of DNA spiralled together

22
Q

What is a gene

A

Small section of DNA that codes for a protein ( small segment of a chromosome )

23
Q

What’s the genome

A

Entire set of genetic material in an organism .

24
Q

What are Alleles

A

Diffrent versions of the same gene

25
Q

How many alleles of each gene do we have

A

2 one from each parent

26
Q

Homozygous meaning

A

If the two alleles u get from ur parents are the same they are homozygous alleles

27
Q

Heterozygous meaning

A

If the two alleles u get from ur parents are diffrent they are heterozygous alleles

28
Q

Whats a dominant allele

A

The allele that gets expepreseed out of two heterozygous alleles

29
Q

What’s phenotype

A

Physical characteristics you get from ur genotype

30
Q

Gregor Mendel what did he do

A

Known as the founding farther of genetics he studied pea plants to see how traits like color where passed on through generations

31
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do

A

He crossed different color plants together to see what their offspring would look like to ( green and yellow pea pods ) to come to the conclusion that their must be something being passed on from one generation to the next . He called them hereditary units

32
Q

What is a mutation

A

A spontaneous change in the DNA base sequence

33
Q

What increases the risk of mutations

A

1) carcinogens
2) certain typed of radiation like X-rays

34
Q

What is a substitution mutation

A

When one of the bases is changed for another random base. Changing the triplet and code and therefore the amino acid if codes for

35
Q

What is an insertion mutation

A

An extra base is inserted into the sequence . It’s worse that substitution as it means all the bases are shifted along by one. Meaning the amino acid chain afetr the point of insertion would be completely diffrent

36
Q

What is deletion mutation

A

When one of the bases is deleted from the sequence . Everything shifts one space to the left after the point of deletion .

Biology Paper 1 Mock (11 decks)

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