Saverio's lectures

Question 1

Brown fat

Answer 1

used to warm us up

Question 2

BMI of women vs men

Answer 2

10% higher in women than men - adaptation for starving

Question 3

Size of fat cells

Answer 3

One of biggest in body - 0.3mm

Question 4

Cell theory

Answer 4

1. Organisms are made of 1 or more cells
2. Cells are basic structural/functional units of any organism
3. Every cell comes from another cell

Question 5

Types of microscopy

Answer 5

Brightfield
Phase contrast
fluorescence
confocal
differential interference contrast
confocal

Question 6

Brightfield

Answer 6

Passes light directly through specimen - has little contrast

Question 7

Phase contrast

Answer 7

Enhances contrast in unstained cells - useful in examining living unpigmented cells

Question 8

Fluorescence

Answer 8

Shows location of specific molecules in the cell. Fluorescence substance absorbs UV radiation and emits visible light.

Question 9

Brightfield

Answer 9

Staining with dyes enhances contrast but most staining procedures require for cells to be preserved

Question 10

differential interference contrast

Answer 10

uses optical modifications to exaggerate difference in refractive index

Question 11

confocal

Answer 11

Uses laser and special optics to focus beam on a single plane within specimen. Only regions with a narrow depth of focus are imaged.

Question 12

Types of dyes

Answer 12

DAPI
Hematoxylin
Eosin
Giemsa staining

Question 13

DAPI dye

Answer 13

Stain DNA (binds to A-T regions)
Fluorescence microscopy

Question 14

Hematoxylin

Answer 14

Basic dye
Stains blue
Stains nucleic acids
Light microscopy

Question 15

Eosin

Answer 15

Acidic dye
Stains cytoplasm and proteins pink
Light microscopy

Question 16

Giemsa staining

Answer 16

Combination dye
Stains organelles different colours
light microscopy

Question 17

Red blood cells

Answer 17

Produced in bone marrow
100,000 produced every second
Renewed every 3-4 months
only cell with no nucleus

Question 18

The black reaction

Answer 18

technique used to visualise neurons in the brain

Question 19

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

Answer 19

E
1. Nucleus present
2. DNA linear - histones
3. Membrane bound organelles present
4. Large cell size
5. Ribosomes larger (80s)
6. Cell division - meiosis/mitosis
7. no plasmids
8. sexual or asexual reproduction
P
1. Circular DNA - no histones
2. Small
3. Ribosomes 70s
4. binary fission division
5. plasmids present
6. asexual reproduction

Question 20

Nucleus

Answer 20

Stores genetic material/site for transcription

Question 21

Nucleolus

Answer 21

Synthesises rRNA, synthesises ribosomes

Question 22

Ribosomes

Answer 22

site of protein synthesis (translation)

Question 23

RER

Answer 23

Synthesis and processes proteins for secretion, insertion into membrane, or lysosomes

Question 24

SER

Answer 24

Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

Question 25

Golgi apparatus

Answer 25

Modifies sorts and packages proteins and lipids for delivery

Question 26

mitochondria

Answer 26

Site for aerboic respiration and ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation - contains own DNA and ribosomes and secondary membrane

Question 27

Lysosomes

Answer 27

Breakdown of waste, damaged organelles, and pathogens

Question 28

centrosome

Answer 28

Essential for spindle formation during mitosis

Question 29

Plasma membrane

Answer 29

regulates entry and exit of substances

Question 30

Chloroplast

Answer 30

Site of photosynthesis - own DNA and ribosomes

Question 31

Vacuole

Answer 31

storage of nutrients and waste and maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells

Question 32

How are cells held together in the body

Answer 32

intracellular cell-cell junctions and connective tissue

Question 33

3 Different types of cell-cell junctions

Answer 33

Tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions

Question 34

Tight junctions

Answer 34

Form a seal between adjacent cells near the apical Prevents movement of molecules and ions between cells - Epithelial cells

Question 35

Desmosomes

Answer 35

Connected by cadherins provide mechanical strength by anchoring cells tightly together - Skin and heart muscle

Question 36

Gap junctions

Answer 36

Made of connexins Connexons from adjacent cells align to form a channel between them Allow ions and small molecules to move between cells - cardiac muscle, neurons, smooth muscle, embryonic tissues

Question 37

Extracellular matrix

Answer 37

Connective tissue full of collagen where tattoo ink goes

Question 38

Types of cells

Answer 38

1. Nerve cells 2. Muscle cells 3. Bone cells 4. gland cells 5. blood cells 6. reproductive cells

Question 39

Parts of nucleus

Answer 39

Nuclear envelope Chromatin nucleolus nuclear pore

Question 40

How do cell expand their membrane

Answer 40

Increase lipid production

Question 41

vesicles

Answer 41

Transport materials like lipids within the cell

Question 42

Defect in lysosomal function results in...

Answer 42

Lysosomal storage disease

Question 43

Make up of cells

Answer 43

70% H20 30% Chemicals - DNA - LEAST - phospholipids - polysaccharides - ions and small molecules - RNA - Proteins - MOST

Question 44

Transcription

Answer 44

in NUCLEUS 1. RNA polymerase bind to promoter region on DNA and DNA unwinds to expose a template strand 2. RNA polymerase reads template strand and synthesis pre-mRNA in 5'-3' direction 3.RNA bases pair with complimentary DNA bases 4. RNA polymerase reaches termination sequence and pre-mRNA is released 5. splicing occurs - introns removed

Question 45

Translation

Answer 45

1. mRNA moved to ribosome 2. tRNA binds to start codon 3. Ribosome moves along mRNA 4. tRNA molecules bring specific amino acids based on codons 5. Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form polypeptide chain