Sat biology Flashcards

Question

Hydrolysis

Answer 1

Opposite of dehydration synthesis Breakdown of a compound with the addition of water

Answer 2

Found in animals Makes up the exoskeleton in Arthropods and cell walls in mushroom

Answer 3

Chains of repeating units Individual units of polymers

Answer 4

No nucleus or other internal membrane Bacteria are P

Answer 5

Have a nucleus and are more complex cells Human cells are E

Answer 6

A system of membrane channels that traverse(travel across) the cytoplasm Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes = the site of protein synthesis; transport throughout the cytoplasm Smooth ER: Synthesizes steroid hormones and other lipids Connects rough ER to the Golgi apparatus Detoxifies the cell Carbohydrate (glycogen) metabolism

Answer 7

Modify, store, and package substances produced in the rough ER. Secretes these substances " to other parts of the cell and to the cell surface for export to other cells

Answer 8

Principal site of intercellular digestion Cell continually renews itself by breaking down and recycling cell parts. *plant cells don't have lysosomes

Answer 9

(Contractile vacuoles) Pump excess water out of the cell Vesicle: tiny vacuole

Answer 10

Two types of structure: Microtubules: think hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella and spindle fibers ; formed by protein tubulin Microfilaments: made of the protein actin. And help support the shape of the cell : Animal cells dorm cleavage furrow during division Amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods Skeletal muscles to contract by sliding along myosin filaments

Answer 11

Centrioles= 9 triplets

Answer 12

Cilia and flagella= 9+2

Answer 13

The substance that does the dissolving

Answer 14

The substance that dissolves

Answer 15

Having a greater concentration of solute than another solution

Answer 16

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Answer 17

Two solutions containing equal concentrations of solute

Answer 18

Different active transport Contractile vacuole Exocytosis Pinocytosis

Answer 19

Removal of undigested waste

Answer 20

Ability to respond to stimuli

Answer 21

Moving from place to place (animal cells only)

Answer 22

Prophase ,Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase PMAT

Answer 23

Order of the stage: G1, S, G2

Answer 24

Homologous pairs separate

Answer 25

Sister chromatids separate

Answer 26

Produces Peruvian acid and a small amount of ATP getting ready for the start of the Krebs cycle

Answer 27

Produces a small amount of ATP Carbon dioxide NADH and FADH2

Answer 28

Carry H+ (protons) from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain

Answer 29

The gain of electrons or protons

Answer 30

Red and blue light absorbed while yellow and orange light are reflected

Answer 31

To produce energy and protons for the light-independent reactions

Answer 32

To make sugar (PGAL) Rubisco enzyme important for the Calvin cycle

Answer 33

The father passed the trait to his daughters only If female carries only mutates X linker gene, she will be a carrier (X-X)

Answer 34

Characterized by blending Example: LL CROSS WITH RR EQUEL TO ALL OVEAL WATERMELONS (RL)

Answer 35

A way to determine whether an individual plant or animal showing dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Answer 36

Applies when a cross is carried out between two individuals that are hybrid for two traits in separate chromosomes

Answer 37

States that during the formation of gametes, the two traits carried by each parent separate

Answer 38

Cross between two organisms that each hybrid for a single trait

Answer 39

Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

Answer 40

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries messages directly from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm during the making of protein Transfer RNA (tRNA) it is shaped like a cloverleaf and carries amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome in order to form a polypeptide. the triplet nucleotides of tRNA are complementary to the codons of mRNA and are called anticodons Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is structural. Along with proteins, it makes up ribosome

Answer 41

Two types Operon: Lac or inductive: normally turned off unless it's actively induced or triggered to turn on by something in the environment Promoter and the operator: Promoter: binding site of RNA.polymerase; must always bind to DNA before transcription can take place, thus it is like a"on" switch. Operator: binding site for the depressor; turn off the Lac Operon

Answer 42

Point mutation: base-pair-substitutions

Answer 43

Applied to having any abnormal number of chromosomes

Answer 44

Bacteria, eukarya, and archaea

Answer 45

Protista, Fungi, Plants and animals PFPA

Answer 46

Consist of loose federations of cells, not tissue because the cells are relatively unspecialized ; possess cells that can sense and react to the environment

Answer 47

Ectoderm : outermost layer; comes the skin and nervous system including the nerve cord and brain Endoderm: the innermost layer, becomes the viscera(guts) or the digestive system Mesoderm: middle layer, becomes the blood, muscles, and bones

Answer 48

A complex structure, the body is organized along a longitudinal axis with right and left sides that mirror each other

Answer 49

Opposite of bilateral symmetry;

Answer 50

(Have meristem tissue, which helps a plant continuous grow; divide its cells) Primary growth: is vertical; elongation if the plant down into the soul and up into the air New cells are formed from the buds of shoots and the tips of the roots, and are raised to the growth layer, apical meristem. Three zones of cells of primary growth: Zone of cell division, zone of elongation: cells in this zone elongate and are responsible for pushing root cap downward and deeper into the soil zone of differentiation: undergo specialization into three primary meristems that give rise to three tissue systems in the plant: the epidermis, ground tissue, and xylem and phloem

Answer 51

Means lateral growth or an increase in girth Is responsible for a he enlargement of the truck. For each year of growth, around ring is added

Answer 52

Aerial roots: trees that grow in swamps or salt marahes Prop roots: some tall plants like corn have prop roots that grow above ground out from the base of the stem and help support the plant

Answer 53

Transports water and nutrients up and down the plant. Two types: xylem and phloem

Answer 54

Has two elongated cells: tracheids and vessel elements Xylem is what make up the stuff we call wood Moves water and nutrients by transpiration, when evaporation of water from leave happens in the process it also pulls the water nutrients to the tallest leaf on the plant

Answer 55

Sugar is stores in the roots. Unlike transport in the xylem, this process requires energy

Answer 56

``` The gametophyte generation Is haploid (n) ``` The sporophyte generation is diploid (2n)

Answer 57

Structure that produced sperm m, develops on the gametophyte

Answer 58

Structured that produces eggs,develops on the gametophyte

Answer 59

A haploid adult plant

Answer 60

Produced by small male cones and will develop into male gametophyte or pollen grains

Answer 61

Produced by large female comes and will develop into female develops gametophyte

Answer 62

Branching, one celled thick filaments produced by germinating moss spores, become gametophyte in moss

Answer 63

Located on the tip of the mature sporophyte, where meiosis occur, producing haploid spores

Answer 64

A diploid adult plant

Answer 65

Raised spots located on the underside of sporophyte ferns, clusters of sporangia

Answer 66

Movement from place to place

Answer 67

Grows with the animal(bones)

Answer 68

Heated from outside, the environment on the outside affects the activates of the cold-blooded organisms

Answer 69

Maintaining a constant body temperature despite fluctuations in the environment temperature

Answer 70

Substance need to be release from body including CO2 and water Ammonia: very soluble in water and highly toxic; usually is release in organisms that live in water Urea: excreted by earthworms and humans In mammals, is formed in the liver from ammonia Utica acid: excreted by insects, many reptile, and birds, with a min of water loss

Answer 71

Produces bile that emulsified fats Bile breaks down fats Breaks down and recycles red blood cells

Answer 72

Stores bike that is produced in liver Body can function well without a gallbladder

Answer 73

A process in which egg develops w/o being fertilized and the adults that result are haploid

Answer 74

Sessile( don't move) animals can mate with any animal of their species. Both act as male and female, and both donate and receive sperm.

Answer 75

Is represented with n number of chromosome

Answer 76

Fission: the separation of an organism into two new cells. Ex: amoeba, bacteria Budding: involves the slitting off of new individuals from existing ones. Ex: hydra Fragmentation: (regeneration) occur when a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals. Ex: sponges, plabaria, sea star Parthenogenesis: involves the development of an egg without fertilization. The resulting adult is haploid. Ex: honeybees, some lizards

Answer 77

Follicular phase: follicles in the ovaries grow and releases increasing amounts of estrogens in response to (FSH) Ovulation: secondary oocyte ruptures out ovaries in response to rapid increase in (LH) from the anterior pituitary. Ovulation occurs on about 14th day after menstruation Literal phase: after ovulation, the cavity luteum ( the cavity of the follicle left behind) forms and releases estrogen and progesterone that thicken the lining of the uterus Menstruation: if the placement of an embryo does not occur, the build up of the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed.

Answer 78

The process of sperm production is continuous process that begins at puberty and can continue into old age. Requires meiosis Start wiry diploid cell ( spermatogonium) lives in tiny tubules (seminiferous tubules) in testes All four gametes become functional sperm

Answer 79

The production of ova, begins prior to birth. A female baby is born with all the primary oocytes she will ever have. One primary oogonium cell produces only one active egg cell A diploid cell forms haploid cells through meiosis

Answer 80

Three stages: Cleavage: the rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that begins immediately after fertilization. End of cleavage concludes with the production of a fluid filled ball of cells called blastula. Gastrulation: the continuation of the process that began during cleavage. Including differentiation; rearrangement of the blastula to produces a three-layered embryo called a gastrula The gastrula consists three differentiated layers called embryonic germ layers. Three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Organogenesis: process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the three embryonic germ layers, when done the embryo increases in size and becomes a fetus

Answer 81

Ectoderm: become the skin and nervous system endoderm: viscera (lungs, liver, and digestive mesoderm: muscle, blood and bones

Answer 82

Zygote---> Cleavage---> Blastula---> Gastrulation---> gastrula---> organogenesis ---> fetus

Answer 83

Chorion: lies under the shell and allows for diffusion of respiratory gases between the outside environment and the inside of the shell Yolk sac: it encloses the yolk, the food for the growing embryo. Amnion: it encloses the embryo in protective amniotic fluid Allantois: it is analogous to the placenta in mammals. It is the conduit for respiratory gases to and from the embryo. It is also the place where the nitrogenous waste uric acid accumulates until the chick hatches

Answer 84

Gobble up invading microbes

Answer 85

Chemicals that released by the immune system to block against viral infections

Answer 86

These produce antibodies against a specific antigen in what is called humoral response

Answer 87

These fight pathogens by hand-to-hand combat in what is called a cell-mediated response

Answer 88

Fundamental mechanism in the development of immunity Antigen enters and specific b or t lymphocytes are activated and clones itself thousands of times, and split to plasma cells and memory cells

Answer 89

These fight antigens immediately in what is called the primary immune response. That do not live long

Answer 90

Remain circulating in the blood in small numbers for a lifetime This secondary immune response is called immunological memory, which prevents you from getting any specific viral infection more than once

Answer 91

Which is temporary. Antibodies are borrowed and do not survive for long Ex: in the placenta, the mother passes on antibodies through beast milk that the newborn receives, and it is called colostrum( 100 percent antibodies

Answer 92

Which is permanent You make the anti-bodies yourself An individual makes his or her own antibodies after After being ill and recovering or after given an immunization or vaccine

Answer 93

Antibodies circulate in the plasma of the blood and bind with ABO antigens in the event of an improper transfusion. Before receiving transfusion of blood, the bloods of both the recipient and the donor are mixed, which is called cross-match

Answer 94

Cannot properly distinguish between self and non-self.

Answer 95

Enlargement of blood vessels

Answer 96

Innate, highly stereotypical behavior that, once begun, is continued to completion no matter how useless or silly looking. FAP is started by external stimuli called sign stimuli. When stimuli are exchange between members of the same species( releasers)

Answer 97

One of simplest forms of learning in which an animal comes to ignore a persistent stimulus so it can go about its business

Answer 98

Learned that occurs during a sensitive or critical period in the early life of an individual and is irreversible for the length of that period. The response disappear until the offspring can survive w/o the parent

Answer 99

The water cycle: water evaporates from earth, forms clouds, and rains over the oceans and land. Water mostly evaporates from plants by transpiration

Answer 100

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: live in the nodules in the roots of legumes and convert free nitrogen (n2) into ammonium ion (NH4+) Nitrifying bacteria: concerts the ammonium ion (NH4+) into nitrites (NO2-) and then into nitrates (NO3-) Denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates (NO3-) into free atmospheric nitrogen (N2) Decomposers are bacteria that break down dead organic matter, like dead plants and animals, into ammonia (NH4+)

Answer 101

Organisms reproduce rapidly when the environment is uncrowned and resources are vast. Ex: insects

Answer 102

Tend to maximize population size near the carrying capacity for an environment.

Answer 103

An necessary element for nucleic acid structure and in providing energy to cells. It also plays an important role in membrane structures

Answer 104

Forms the sulfide bridges that are found in proteins

Answer 105

It's called an element

Answer 106

New bond between amino acids

Answer 107

Form by dehydration synthesis

Answer 108

Polypeptide

Answer 109

Refers to sweetness of a carbohydrate

Answer 110

Has the ratio of 1:2:1 Equal carbon atoms and oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms are twice the both of either both Glucose and fructose

Answer 111

Results in a carbohydrate made of two monomers : disaccharide (di=two)

Answer 112

Need to know: maltose and sucrose Maltose: two molecules of glucose ; removal of water Sucrose: known as table sugar; molecules of glucose combines with molecule of fructose in a dehydration synthesis reaction.

Answer 113

Monosaccharides joined together exceeds two To know: starch, glycogen, and cellulose ( all are polymers of glucose) Glycogen: the form in which animals (human) store glucose Starch: the form in which plant store glucose Cellulose: a structural polysaccharides that forms the plant's cell walls

Answer 114

Hydrocarbon

Answer 115

Also called nonpolar

Answer 116

Triglycerides: (three fatty acids) a fatty acid is just a long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl Phospholipids Cholesterol: made from hydrocarbons from rings; only found in animal cells ( in cell membranes along with phospholipids) Estrogen, testosterone and progesterone are derived from cholesterol Found in body tissues and blood

Answer 117

Made from protein and sugar

Answer 118

The molecules must be hydrophobic (does not like water)

Answer 119

Molecules that move are hydrophilic (does like water) and need assistance from special membrane proteins

Answer 120

For some process in the cell will BREAK the bond between the second and third phosphate molecules on ATP; this releases the energy

Answer 121

The remaining molecule of phosphate after the energy require molecule for processes are released

Answer 122

A small amount of ATP is made, but most of the energy is stored as electron

Answer 123

An "empty" electron carrier accepts a pair of electron

Answer 124

The newElectrons that are given up later on

Answer 125

Sugar splitting. One molecule of glucose is split in half to produce two molecules of pyruvate ( essentially half of a glucose molecule Occurred with oxygen ( anaerobic)

Answer 126

When oxygen is available, glycolysis can produce more reduced electron and more ATP. (Group of enzymes that prepares pyruvate to enter the next step of cellular respiration: the Krebs cycle.

Answer 127

kerbs cycle accepts two carbon atoms, but pyruvate contains three carbon atoms, thus the PDC is to remove one of the carbon atoms, and the result is it leaves the body as CO2

Answer 128

Get two pyruvate molecules and therefore two acetyl co- a molecules The Krebs cycle require oxygen. (Aerobic process)

Answer 129

An aerobic process Oxygen known as the final electron acceptor because it is the last molecule in the electron transport chain to accept electrons

Answer 130

Can cross membranes only by facilitated diffusion Get positive charged molecules ( hydrogen) back to the membrane by the ATP SYNTHASE ( special protein)

Answer 131

Regenerating empty election carriers in the absence of oxygen

Answer 132

The only ATP you get from fermentation are the two net ATP from glycolysis. So instead of a big 36 ATP per glucose from aerobic cellular respiration, only two ATP per glucose are produced If lactic acid levels get too high the muscle cells stop contacting

Answer 133

First transcription (copy) DNA TO RNA , then translate RNA to the coding or wording of amino acids

Answer 134

mRNA: carry the information from the nucleus to the ribosomes in to he cytoplasm rRNA: interacts with the cell's ribosomes to make them functional tRNA: transfer RNA carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

Answer 135

There are two binding sites on a ribosome: p-site and a-site ( the first codon is in the P-site (peptide, the bonding), so the second codon is in the A-site (amino acid, the next amino acid is added to the growing protein)

Answer 136

The way that the chromosomes line up during metaphase affects that outcome of the genetic information in gametes that form

Answer 137

Genes are on the same chromosome are called linked genes

Answer 138

Between cell division, packed chromosomes replicate. The cell grows and performs normal cellular activity

Answer 139

Chromosome begin to condense and become visible. C made of two identical pieces of DNA, and each piece of DNA is called chromatid. A spindle begin to separate. Also membrane of the nucleus disperses (spread)

Answer 140

Same events occur as in mitosis. In addition, the chromosomes pair with those homologous partners and exchange DNA (cross over)

Answer 141

The centrioles are now at opposite end of the cell, and the spindle fibers from the centrioles attach to the individual chromosomes

Answer 142

The only difference is that the spindle fibers from each centriole attach to one chromosome of a matching homologous chromosome pair

Answer 143

The chromosome line up along the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers begin to tug each chromatid toward the opposite ends of the cell

Answer 144

The only difference is that chromosome pairs line up on the sides of the metaphase plates

Answer 145

Theft bees pull the chromatids towards opposite ends of the cell

Answer 146

The chromosome pairs separate. Both halves of the chromosome move toward the other end of the cells. The sister chromatids do not separate like they do in mitosis

Answer 147

The chromatids, which have now turned back into chromosomes, are at the ends of the cell. A new nuclear membrane forms

Answer 148

The division in a male sperm cell is equally divided. In a female, most of the cell's cytoplasm will be concentrated in one f the two cells. The larger cell will divide again and the smaller cell will degenerate

Answer 149

The rest of the cell divides

Answer 150

A second round of these phases occurs. The important difference is in interphase 2, where the chromosomes do NOT replicate

Answer 151

Will always be comprised of two copies: one copy is inherited from the father. The traits expressed in these autosomal genes are generally unaffected by gender, and the trusts will follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance

Answer 152

Crossing of (tall pea plants and short pea plants) is called monohybrid cross, meaning the only trust is being studied. In this case was height. One trait masks the effects of another trait

Answer 153

Breeding more than one trait, but the result is have 100% of one other than the other

Answer 154

In previous generation may have different traits from the second generation, their offsprings, due to the alleles separate and recombine during the cross *alleles can segregate and recombine

Answer 155

Four alleles can combine to give us four different gametes *traits can segregate and recombine independently of other traits

Answer 156

Cross between plants differ wrong in two characteristics Multiply the asked variable to find probability (only with if results of one cross are not affected by the results of another

Answer 157

9 tall and green 3 tall and yellow 3 short and green 1 short and yellow 9:3:3:1

Answer 158

A trait whose allele is carried on one of the sex chromosome Almost all sex- linked traits have alleles that carried on the X chromosome X-c is much larger than the y-c, as a result it Carey's more genes

Answer 159

Hemophilia (a disorder of blood clotting), color blindness and male pattern baldness If a person, he or she, carries the trait, he or she carries it in the x-c X-c is also recessive, thus it can also be called the X-linked recessive trait Meaning female can only get hemophilia if she's homozygous for the X chromosomes that carries the allele for hemophilia. Females who are heterozygous for x-linked recessive traits are known as carriers Male will express the trait in his phenotype if he carries the allele on his X chromosome. This x-linked recessive diseases are much more common in males than in females

Answer 160

Skip generations If neither the parents nor the offspring display the condition, the condition is recessive

Answer 161

If either the parents or the offspring of an affected individual are affect, the condition is dominant

Answer 162

The condition is sex-linked, simply count the number of males and females who are affected. If there are significantly more male than females affect, the condition is sex-linked.

Answer 163

If offspring of two individuals are affected the mother is usually heterozygous condition, meaning one of the chromosomes of the females is affected, this she is a carrier

Answer 164

An x-linked recessive trait cannot go from father to son. Only mother to son.. The father only gives the y-c to son

Answer 165

A theory of how life began under these conditions ( hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water) (no longer accepted idea)

Answer 166

The first cells to be born. And heterotrophs can not make their own food The desire of food, helped the heterotrophs evolved to autotrophs. These early cells, anaerobic organisms

Answer 167

Today's atmosphere contains mostly nitrogen and oxygen and the primary organism on the planet are aerobic Earth's early atmosphere DID NOT contain oxygen. If contained mostly hydrogen, ammonia, methane and water, and the primary organisms at that time were anaerobic

Answer 168

are fungi= eukaryotes (have nuciei and organelles

Answer 169

heterotroph. absorptive feeders. secrete hydrolytic enzymes that digust their food outside their bodies

Answer 170

spores are kind of like seeds that can drop off the fungus and grow a new organism

Answer 171

fungi can produce sexual spores (kind of like sperm and ova) that combine to form a new organism

Answer 172

in this type of reproduction, a portion of the fungus breaks off and forms a new fungus

Answer 173

a new fungus grows off the side of the old fungus. An example of a fungus that reproduces in this way is yeast.

Answer 174

The viral genome Is not immediately transcribed, translated, and replicated. It's inserted (integrated) into host's genomes, packaged into the new viral capsids Once replicated the virus is also replicated Once illness, goes to lytic cycle.

Answer 175

Viruses that infect animal cells do not necessarily have to lyse (host is broken open by special vital enzyme) them to escape Stays longer alive (Lysing a cell kills it instantly, and if the cell dies, viral production stops) As virus bud out (Layer of membrane around the capsids is called and envelope)

Answer 176

Can not use DNA polymerase to replicate (DNA Polmerase copies only DNA). Needs RNA polymerase. Can't use the host's RNA polymerase The virus must Need special enzyme that makes a strand of RNA by reading an RNA template- RNA- dependent RNA polymerase. -carry the enzyme with it in its capsid and object it into the host along with its genome Or - synthesize the protein during translation of the viral genome ( a part of the normal viral life cycle)

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Sat biology Flashcards

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