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SAST 315 > SAST Midterm > Flashcards

SAST Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Define: “Environment”

A

world alive & related to a living centre

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2
Q

What is the function of humans w/ regards to limits set by nature?

A

man transgresses limits set by nature w/ his tools & his vision; man creates specific environment & makes history

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3
Q

What is the relationship between ecological changes and stages of development in humans?

A

ecological conditions which may appear hostile to man at one stage of evolution may appear attractive & inviting at another stage

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4
Q

In Baluchistan stone walls were built. What was their function?

A

retain sediments of the annual inundation (retain soil but not water)

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5
Q

How do we know that rainfall increases around 3000 BCE?

A

Palaeobotantical research

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6
Q

Which areas was known for being important to trade?

A

Ghaggar Valley (Harappa & Mohenjo Daro)

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7
Q

When did the climate along the Indus become dryer?

A

1700 BC

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8
Q

What changes took place for the Yamuna River in ancient times?

A

Yamuna, which now parallels the Ganga, is supposed to have flowed thorough the Ghaggar Valley until an upheaval in the foothills of the Himalayas

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9
Q

What was the possible cause for the submerging of Mohenjo Daro?

A

Tectonic upheavals at mouth of Indus River

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10
Q

What is one theory mentioned in your book for the demise of the Indus civilization?

A

Drying up of the Ghajjar & blocking of the lower Indus

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11
Q

In what other area of the sub-continent did the Indus Valley civilization take hold?

A

Kathiwar peninsula of Gujarat

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12
Q

How did Rojdi get its millet for cultivation?

A

Maritime trade via Oman

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13
Q

How wide spread was the Indus Valley Civilization

A

Went from Daimabad (Maharashtra) -> Shortugai (Afghanistan)

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14
Q

Where was the most northern site found of the Indus Valley civilization?

A

Shortugai in Badakshan, Afghanistan

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15
Q

Upon entering India, how did the Aryans clear the forest?

A

Burned it down

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16
Q

What were the two types of specializations that Brahmins engaged in?

A
  1. Royal priest or advisor (rajpurohit, rajguru)

2. The Sage (rishi)

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17
Q

The Sanskrit word for “east” means what?

A

“what was before them”

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18
Q

What was the general southernmost expansion of the Aryans?

A

Deccan Lava Trap (rich black soil)

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19
Q

Which grain is the most demanding?

A

Rice

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20
Q

What was an early method of the kings to show authority over a region?

A

The more powerful chief amongst them let a sacrificial horse roam around for a year vowing he would defeat anyone who dared to obstruct its free movement. If challenger appeared, he was attacked; if no one showed up, it was presumed that the kings authority was not questioed

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21
Q

What changed the political landscape for the petty kings?

A

Major kingdoms arose in east which annexed kingdom of west

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22
Q

Where did one great civilization develop in India based in growing grain?

A

Baluchistan, Indus Valley

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23
Q

What type of environment did Stone Age hunter-gathers prefer?

A

Edge of forests, near the plains or in open river valleys, areas which were less attractive to the settled peasant who cut the trees and reclaimed the fertile soil

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24
Q

Why were early cultivators attracted to lighter soils

A

They did not have sturdy ploughs and animals to cope with heavy soils

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25
Q

When did grain cultivation begin in South Asia?

A

7000 BC

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26
Q

In Baluchistan the early settlers experimented with what?

A

cultivating alluvial lands

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27
Q

What does the Mohenjo Daro system of water supply and sewerage tells us?

A

They were masters of water management. Organizational centres for seasonal operations.

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28
Q

What type of ecology did the Aryans find when they arrived in the North Western area of India?

A

Plains of Panjab provided rich pastures for their cattle.

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29
Q

What was one way that the Brahmins gained more power during the time of settlement of India?

A

Crossing the river and being welcomed because they didn’t force them to have kings.

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30
Q

The original Aryans had what type of tribal organization?

A

Egalitarian tribal organization.

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31
Q

The lack of courtly Brahminism in Eastern India allowed for two major developments. Which of the following was one of these?

A

Buddhism and Jainism

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32
Q

The lack of steadfast royal institutions in Gangetic India allowed for what to develop?

A

monastic order (sangha) of the Buddhists

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33
Q

What was a factor in the Eastern region that allowed for greater military potential?

A

imperial control of trade and land revenue

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34
Q

What factor allowed for Buddhist monasteries to flourish in the East?

A

Rice

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35
Q

The first empire in India had its capital where?

A

Magadha

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36
Q

Who were the 1st victims of the new expanding empire in the East?

A

tribal republics in the Trans-Gandak region

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37
Q

What was one factor in the downfall of the first empire?

A

internal conflicts and the onslaught of new invaders

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38
Q

Two major invading groups arrived in the India in the waning years before the current era. What was the name of one of those invaders?

A

Shakas, and Kushanas

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39
Q

One can speculate that by the time of the Kushana invasion the beginning invasion the beginnings of modern Hinduism was to be found based on what evidence?

A

Vishnu and Shiva

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40
Q

What was one of the first religious events performed by the Shatavahanas?

A

Horse sacrifice

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41
Q

One periodization scheme in the Study of India uses three divisions. What are the divisions?

A

Hindu, Islamic, and British periods

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42
Q

What is the definition of a “chakravartin”?

A

the ruler who tried to conquer the entire world

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43
Q

What was the name of the last Indian empire in using the ancient Indian political organization model?

A

Gupta empire

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44
Q

What was the pattern of Indian governance in the medieval period?

A

concentric states w/ a royal centre in the core region & a periphery in which the influence of competitors also made itself felt

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45
Q

What gave the Aryans military superiority?

A

swift chariots

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46
Q

When were war elephants first used?

A

500 BC

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47
Q

Chandragupta’s gift to the Greek king Seleukos Nikator was a major military transaction. What was the gift?

A

500 elephants

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48
Q

Chess was invented in India. What does it reflect?

A

Battlefield, Indian military strategy

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49
Q

In chess why is the king’s movement limited to one square at a time?

A

If he dies, army vanquished

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50
Q

What area of land was needed to maintain a regional ruler in India?

A

100-200m

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51
Q

Why was the region of Delhi important in ancient times?

A

controls entrance to fertile Ganga-Yamuna Doab

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52
Q

Which pattern of territorial control was most common in India over the centuries?

A

3 major regions subdivided into 4 smaller subdivisions

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53
Q

Where were the foundations for the granaries at Mohenjo-Daro located?

A

acropolis

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54
Q

Which of the following items indicates that the Indus Valley civilization was engaging in international trade?

A

articles made of coppers and ornaments with precious stones

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55
Q

In which millennium BCE was the oldest layer of settlement at Mehrgarh dated ?

A

sixth millennium BCE

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56
Q

What type of animal bones were found in the oldest strata at Mehrgarh?

A

antelopes, wild goats & wild sheep

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57
Q

What was one technical innovation introduced at Mehrgarh in the 5th-4th millennium BCE?

A

drill moved by means of a bow

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58
Q

What is the dating of the earliest settlement at Amri?

A

4th millenium

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59
Q

What did the rise in Mohenjo-Daro mean for the settlement of Amri?

A

decline/abandonment of mounds

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60
Q

What feature of a city is first found in Kalibangan and later became a standard feature in the Indus Valley civilization?

A

rectangle shape, about 750 ft long, following north-south axis, fortified, house constructed of adobe bricks 10x20x30 cm; sewerage system constructed w/ regular bricks fired in kiln

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61
Q

How can we tell which streets in the ruins of Kalibangan were important?

A

Various widths, 12, 18, 24 ft

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62
Q

What ubiquitous figure was missing from Kalibangan that was found all other Indus Valley sites?

A

Mother goddess figurines

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63
Q

What was a unique city feature found at Lothal?

A

Large basin

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64
Q

What would indicate wars about 2500 BCE in the Indus Valley?

A

Uniformity between Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Kalibangan. Sudden extinction of early Kalibangan and reconstruction in uniform Harappa style

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65
Q

When did the Indus Valley civilization decline?

A

1800-1700 BCE

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66
Q

What are the two most likely reasons for the decline in the Indus Valley civilization?

A

Change in environmental conditions, change in tectonic plates, and change in rainfall; Agricultural production declined

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67
Q

Who discovered that Sanskrit is a sister language to Greek and Latin?

A

Sir William Jones

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68
Q

What is the first historic evidence on the Vedic Aryans?

A

1380 BC treaty

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69
Q

Which rivers are mentioned in the early Vedic hymns?

A

Kubha, Suvasta (now called Kabul and Swat) in Afghanistan and Pakistan

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70
Q

Which division of Vedic literature does your author say is “commentaries on the sacrificial rituals”?

A

Brahmana

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71
Q

Max Muller thought the Upanishads were written in which period?

A

800-600 BC

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72
Q

Most Indologists accept the dating of the Rig Veda to be approximately which period?

A

1300-1000 BC

73
Q

How many hymns are in the Rig Veda?

A

1028

74
Q

What prominent Dasa is considered the enemy of Indra in the Veda?

A

Dasa Shambara

75
Q

How many times does the Rig Veda mention the Ganges River?

A

Once

76
Q

The area around the Saraswati River was the early heartland of Vedic culture. What are of India was this?

A

Kalibangan

77
Q

What did the introduction of iron technology allow in the Gangetic plain?

A

Extension of regular cultivation

78
Q

Which of the following changes noted in your readings was important in the Late Vedic age?

A

hierarchical order of estates which reflected a division of labour among various social classes

79
Q

What does the change in meaning of the Sanskrit “grama” illustrate for us?

A

Transition from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture; Grama means village

80
Q

In the myth of the sacrifice of Purusha what part became the Shudra caste?

A

His feet

81
Q

Who were the rajanya?

A

Lower nobility

82
Q

Various craftsmen were looked down upon in Vedic culture. How was trade looked upon?

A

Not considered impure

83
Q

In the early Vedic period how was the king’s power kept in check?

A

Consult w/ council

84
Q

Why did the Brahmins support the new idea of kingship in the late Vedic age?

A

Brahmins supported because priest made it legit

85
Q

What did the rajasuya ceremony highlight?

A

magnificent royal sacrifices

86
Q

What is one of India’s great epics?

A

Mahabharata

87
Q

In the great epic what did the victory of the Pandavas mean?

A

They had the support of Krishna

88
Q

The Upanishads were written during which period?

A

750-500 BC

89
Q

What is the famous formula from the Upanishads?

A

“tat tvam asi” ‘that thou are’

90
Q

What was one of the early passages to the Gangetic plain in the East?

A

Along the foothills

91
Q

Which two events happened in the late seventh to the fifth centuries BCE?

A

First territorial kingdoms were established in the central part of the Gangetic plains, northern India urbanisation & Gautama Buddha stepped into limelight of history

92
Q

One of the new features in urban centers on the Gangetic plain was which of the following?

A

system of fortification

93
Q

How long between the Indus Valley use of bricks do we find bricks being used in India a second time?

A

a millennium

94
Q

Which of the following is solid evidence of writing in India in the 3rd century BCE?

A

Ashoka’s inscriptions

95
Q

Who is the first provable historic figure in Indian history?

A

Buddha

96
Q

Who else besides the Buddha was a reformer in the Ganges valley?

A

Mahavira

97
Q

What was the first Indian scientific treatise?

A

Panini’s grammar

98
Q

Which tribe did the Buddha belong to?

A

Sakhya

99
Q

Where did the Buddha gain his enlightenment?

A

Bodh Gaya

100
Q

Where was the second Buddhist council held?

A

Vaishali

101
Q

Where was the eastern border of the Persian Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries BCE?

A

The river Indus

102
Q

What did the Greek historian Herodotus tell us about India?

A

Indoi regions provided the greatest amount of revenue to the Persian empire

103
Q

Around the time of the Buddha three major mahajanapadas emerged in the water shed of the Yamuna and Ganges. One was Magadha what were the other two according to your readings?

A

Khoshala and Vatsa

104
Q

Bimbisara was the founder of the Magadha extraordinary growth. How did he die?

A

Son (Ajatashatru) imprisoned and starved him

105
Q

Koshala attacked the tribal republics. Which tribe did they destroy and how is this connected with the Buddha?

A

The tribe of the Shakya which Buddha belonged to

106
Q

Who first used catapults in the war for control of the Gangetic water shed?

A

Magadha

107
Q

Which kingdom was the last to challenge Magadha’s hegemony?

A

Nandas

108
Q

Why does your author call the development of Magadha an “autochthonous evolution”?

A

A three phase development, first two phases not due to external influences

109
Q

Who was the major competitor to Magadha early empire building?

A

Anga

110
Q

What is the title of an early book on State craft?

A

Kautalya’s Arthashastra

111
Q

Which kingdom did Shishunaga conquer?

A

Prayota dynasty of Avanti

112
Q

Who helped kill King Shishunaga?

A

The queen

113
Q

What caste was the greatest ruler of India before the Mauryas?

A

Shudra

114
Q

How large was the Nandas’ standing army according to Greeks and Romans?

A

200, 000 infantrymen, 20, 000 horsemen, 200 chariots drawn by 4 horses each, 3000 elephants

115
Q

Whose name became a byword for avarice in later Indian Literature?

A

Nandas

116
Q

Where in India did Alexander the Great’s progress end?

A

River Hyphasis (Beas)

117
Q

Who were some of the last people that Alexander the Great fought in S. Asia?

A

Malloi, King Poros, etc.

118
Q

What brought an end to Hellenistic integration of India?

A

Alex’s death, division of his empire

119
Q

When was the last Greek outpost in India given up?

A

317 BC

120
Q

What was one of the consequences of Alexander’s conquest of part of India?

A

Main sources about Western knowledge about India, development of Indian art, evolution of sciences such as astronomy

121
Q

Who fought the Greeks and later became the king of Magadha?

A

Chandragupta

122
Q

What crafty Brahmin authored the Arthashastra?

A

Brahmin Kautalya

123
Q

Who stopped Seleukos Nikator’s advance into India?

A

Chandragupta

124
Q

What gift from Candragupta helped Seleukos defeat Antigonos?

A

500 war elephants

125
Q

How many miles around was Pataliputra according the Megasthenes?

A

21 miles

126
Q

What did Megasthenes call the Brahmin caste?

A

philosophers

127
Q

According to Megasthenes who provided the livelihood for artists in India?

A

The State

128
Q

Why can’t we accept the Arthashastra as an accurate picture of the Mauryan state?

A

Later additions and revisions

129
Q

Which of the following is one of the exceptions to the rajamandala model as stated in the Arthashastra?

A

Middle King (Madhyama) powerful enough that he could either maintain armed neutrality in a conflict of his neighbours…

130
Q

What is the main aim of the Arthashastra?

A

instruct King on how to improve qualities…

131
Q

According to the Arthashastra how much should a royal high priest be paid?

A

48, 000 panas

132
Q

When did Ashoka assume the throne?

A

268 BC

133
Q

What is the importance of Ashoka’s lion pillar?

A

Indian Republic uses as emblem of state

134
Q

How many people died in the conquering of Kalinga?

A

100, 000+

135
Q

What was the main cause of Ashoka’s conversion to Buddhism?

A

Due to war

136
Q

What was the job of the Dhamma-Mahamatras under Ashoka?

A

Break resistance and intensify teachings of right conduct. Teach right conduct and supervise ppl

137
Q

To which of the following king/emperor did Ashoka send ambassadors?

A

Cholas, Pandyas, Satyaputras, Keralaputras, Tambapani (Sri Lanka), King Antiyoka (Syria)

138
Q

Who first started teaching (Buddhist) right conduct in Sri Lanka?

A

Mahinda

139
Q

Which dynasty followed the Mauryan dynasty?

A

Shunga

140
Q

Who were the “Indo-Greeks”?

A

Greeks of Bactria - successors of Euthydemos

141
Q

Who were the shakas?

A

New invaders from central Asia

142
Q

Who was the greatest Kushana emperor?

A

Kaniska

143
Q

In the formation of the sub-continent of S. Asia, what direction did the lad mass move?

A

North

144
Q

What type of people settled first in the Sub-contentment?

A

Australoid

145
Q

When did the first Indus Valley civilization’s villages exist?

A

4, 000 BCE

146
Q

When did the Aryans begin moving into S. Asia?

A

1500 BCE

147
Q

What language did the Aryans speak?

A

Sanskrit

148
Q

Which Veda is the youngest and has magic formula?

A

Arthava Veda

149
Q

The god of sun is called?

A

Surya

150
Q

Another name for Dyaus piter would be?

A

Jupiter

151
Q

One of the most important goddesses to the Aryans was which of the following?

A

Saraswathi, Rati, Dhara, Ushas

152
Q

The Upanishads are books dealing with which topic?

A

Yoga and philosophy

153
Q

The cycle of reincarnation is called what in India?

A

Samsara

154
Q

The ultimate object or cause is called what in Sanskrit?

A

Prakriti

155
Q

Which of the following is a quality of Prakriti?

A

Self manifestation, motion, and inertia

156
Q

Which of the following is a Binding Force according to the Yoga School

A

Ignorance, Ego Force, Infatuation, Aversion, Will to Live Forever

157
Q

Which is one of the 8 limbs of yoga?

A

Morality, Higher Morality, Positions, Breath Control, Withdrawal the Senses, Concentration, Meditation, Samadhi

158
Q

According to Nyana, which of the following is a means of knowing?

A

Perception, Inference, Analogy, Testimony

159
Q

When were the great kingdoms of the iron age established in S. Asia?

A

1500 BCE-500 BCE

160
Q

The kingdom of Kashi capital was called?

A

Varanasi

161
Q

The founder of Jainism was?

A

Parsavanath and Mahavira

162
Q

What is considered the highest teachings in Jainism?

A

non-violence

163
Q

One of the Jain schools is named?

A

Digambara and Svetambara

164
Q

The “sky-clad” branch of Jainsim is called what in Sanskrit?

A

Digambara

165
Q

When did the Jain community move to Maharashtra?

A

4th century BCE

166
Q

How many levels of practice are found in Jainism?

A

14

167
Q

What is the highest level of practice a lay person can reach in Jainism?

A

5

168
Q

What is the highest level of practice in Jainsim?

A

fast to death

169
Q

The rule for monks and nuns in Jainism is to not have sex. What is the rule of lay women?

A

same but more lenient

170
Q

What was the final event of Shakyamuni’s life?

A

entering parinirvana

171
Q

Small Vehicle Buddhism is called what in Sanskrit?

A

Hinayana

172
Q

Shakyamuni’s personal name was?

A

Siddhartha Gautama Shakya

173
Q

One of the Three Teachings is which of the following?

A

ethics, concentrations, higher wisdom

174
Q

The final Noble Truth is which of the following?

A

The end is found in the 8 fold path

175
Q

The only surviving Small vehicle school is which of the following?

A

Therevada

176
Q

One of the major Mahayana schools was called?

A

Madhyamaka, Yogacara

177
Q

The Buddhist original Tripitaka consists of early Sutras, Vinaya and which of the following?

A

Abhidharma

178
Q

The Maurya Empire was founded in which year?

A

322 BCE

179
Q

Which Buddhist stupa was built by Ashoka?

A

Sanchi, Sarnath, Bharhut, Deorkothar, Butkara

SAST 315 (2 decks)

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