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SAST 315 > SAST Final > Flashcards

SAST Final Flashcards

1
Q

Who left an inscription in Allahabad and was the first great ruler of the imperial Guptas?

A

Samudragupta

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2
Q

What was the old name of Allahabad?

A

Prayag

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3
Q

When did Chandragupta I rule?

A

AD 320-335

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4
Q

When did Samudragupta live?

A

AD 335-375

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5
Q

Samudragupta’s most famous campaign took place where?

A

Southern India

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6
Q

Why did the king of Sri Lanka send gifts to the Gupta court?

A

For permission to build monastery and a guesthouse for Buddhist pilgrims at Bodh Gaya

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7
Q

One model some scholars use to explain Gupta rule is which of the following?

A

Multi-centered

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8
Q

When did Chandragupta II live?

A

AD 375-413/415

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9
Q

What was Chandragupta II greatest military success?

A

Victory over Shaka-Kshatrapa dynasty and annexation of their prosperous realm in Gujarat

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10
Q

When did the Vakataka dynasty rise to prominence?

A

3rd century AD after the fall of the Shatavanvahana empire

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11
Q

What role did Prabhavatigupta play in the Vakataka’s realm?

A

acted as regent for her two sons

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12
Q

What was the original pattern for Gupta coins?

A

initially conformed to Roman pattern and were called Dinara, later diminishes gold content and increased weight from 7.8g->9.3g

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13
Q

What types of currencies were used in the Gupta dynasty?

A

Gold coins called Dinara

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14
Q

When did Faxian visit India?

A

During the Reign of Chandragupta II

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15
Q

One of the reasons that the Guptas are so famous is which of the following?

A

Flowering of classical Sanskrit literature

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16
Q

Who was the greatest dramatist and poet during the Gupta dynasty?

A

Kalidasa

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17
Q

When did the Puranas achieve their final shape?

A

Age of the Guptas

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18
Q

How many Great Puranas are there?

A

18

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19
Q

Which Purana teaches about Durga?

A

Devimahatmya part of the Markandeya Purana

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20
Q

What is the Indian name for the god of war?

A

Kumaraskanda

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21
Q

One source of revenue for Buddhist temples during the Gupta period was donations by wealthy individuals. What was another source of income for them?

A

Interest

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22
Q

What was one source of income for Hindu temples during the Gupta period?

A

Land grants or of the assignment of the revenue of whole villages

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23
Q

Who were the Pushyamitras?

A

Tribal community living on the banks of Narmada

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24
Q

What was one of the results of Skandagupta’s victory over the Huns?

A

Disrupted international trade of northwestern India, diminished one of the most important financial sources of the Gupta empire

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25
Q

When were the Huns successful in conquering NW India?

A

510-ish

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26
Q

Toramana the Hun’s son was named which of the following?

A

Mihirakula

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27
Q

Yashodharma won a battle against the Hun king in 528. But what lead to the Hun’s down fall?

A

Defeat at the hands of the Turks in central Asia around middle 6th century

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28
Q

What was the effect of Hun rule on Buddhist establishments?

A

Succumbed to this assault and never recovered

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29
Q

What separates South India from the North?

A

Vindhya mountains and Narmada river and large tracts of barren inhospitable land

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30
Q

What cultural influence spread from South India to the North?

A

Bhakti movement

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31
Q

What was one way Hinduisation affected the southern tribes?

A

Oppression and exploitation of tribal ppl

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32
Q

What made the southern delta areas so enticing to settlement?

A

Fertile and rivers

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33
Q

Which products does the Arthashastra NOT list as found in South India?

A

Anything other than shells, diamonds, and other precious stones, pearls and articles made of gold

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34
Q

Which eco-type is NOT mentioned in the Sangam texts?

A

Anything other than mountains (kurrinci), forests and pastures (mullai), dry, barren land (palai), valleys of great rivers (marutam), and the coast (neytal)

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35
Q

What was one of the goods that South India coastal areas produced?

A

Salt

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36
Q

The Mauryan Empire’s administration acted as a model for southern India’s emerging centers. What else was a major influence on the development of politics?

A

trade with northern Indian, migration of Buddhist and Jaina monks

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37
Q

Following the fall of the Maurya Empire who called himself “Supreme Lord of Kalinga”?

A

Kharavela

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38
Q

What allowed the king of Kalinga to eliminate taxes?

A

Spoils of many successful campaigns

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39
Q

How many war elephants did Kalinga maintain according to Pliny the Elder?

A

700

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40
Q

According to the Aitareya Brahmana text what is the origin of the Shatavahana?

A

Non-Aryan tribe in 500 BC

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41
Q

Where was the capital of the Shatavahana under Satakarni I?

A

Pratisthana (Paithan)

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42
Q

How many cavalry did the Shatavahanas keep according to Pliny the Elder?

A

30,000

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43
Q

Administratively what was a general feature of state formation in the early medieval period in India?

A

Incorporation of local lords into state hierarchy

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44
Q

Who is recorded to have made donations to Nagarjunikonda?

A

The Queen

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45
Q

One of the South Indian Buddhist monasteries inscriptions lists realms it had relations with. Which kingdom is Not listed?

A

Kashmir and Gandhara, the Yavanas (Greeks), Vanavasi in western India, Toshali and Vanga (Orissa and Bengal), in the east Damila (Tamil Nadu), and the Island of Tamrapani (Sri Lanka), and even China

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46
Q

According to modern research when was the Sangam literature composed?

A

500 BC to 500 AD

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47
Q

Which kingdom used the kulasangha form of rule?

A

Chera kingdom

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48
Q

When did the Kalabhra Interregnum end?

A

When the Pallava dynasty emerged in sixth century

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49
Q

Under which Kalabhra king did Buddhism and poets prosper?

A

Acchutavikkanta

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50
Q

What was an important aspect of South Indian history?

A

Flourishing trade with Rome

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51
Q

How did Hegel depict trade with India?

A

moving force/all nations have directed their wishes and desires to this miraculous country/treasures

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52
Q

When trade with the Mediterranean declined what did South Indian kingdoms do?

A

They turned to Southeast Asia

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53
Q

Under which Roman Emperor did trade with India greatly expand?

A

Augustus

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54
Q

What was the most important port on the Malabar coast of India?

A

Muziris

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55
Q

Where were the shards of Red Polish Ware dug up at Poduka originally form?

A

Areezo in Italy

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56
Q

What was the driving force on India’s international trade?

A

Quest for Roman gold

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57
Q

When did Harsha reign?

A

606-647

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58
Q

What was the northern boundary of Harsha’s kingdom?

A

Punjab/Himalayas

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59
Q

What was Bana’s book’s title?

A

Harshacharita

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60
Q

How long did Xuanzang visit India to study Buddhism?

A

13 years (630-643)

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61
Q

Who defeated Harsha’s army in about 630 CE?

A

Pulakeshin II

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62
Q

Where was the Pallavas’ capital?

A

Kanchipuram near Madras

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63
Q

Whose brother was set up as viceroy at Vengi?

A

Pulakeshin II’s bro

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64
Q

Who selected Kanauj as his capital one century after Harsha?

A

Yashovarman

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65
Q

Which dynasty controlled parts of Bihar and Bengal in the late eighth century?

A

Pala dynasty

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66
Q

Who ruled the Deccan following the Rashtrakutas?

A

Chalukyas of the Kalyani

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67
Q

Who ruled Kashmir in the eighth century?

A

Lalitaditya

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68
Q

The Gurjara Pratihars and the Palas often fought each other. Which dynasty defeated both of them?

A

The 3rd Rashtrakuta king, Dhurva

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69
Q

Which king bestowed the lands of the Cholas on his family members?

A

Krishna III (Rasktrakuta King)

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70
Q

The Prathiharas maintained four large armies. How many men were in each?

A

700,000 to 900,000 men

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71
Q

How did the Cholas gain control of the Krishna-Godaveri delta region?

A

marital alliance

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72
Q

What did the fire sacrifice on Mount Abu accomplish for the Rajputs?

A

purified and admitted them to status of Kshatriyas

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73
Q

Who founded Delhi?

A

Tomaras

74
Q

Who had built the Khajuraho temples?

A

Chandellas

75
Q

Who founded the Pala dynasty?

A

Gopala

76
Q

How did Ramapala put an end to Kaivarta power?

A

cementing alliance with various neighbouring rulers

77
Q

Who replaced the Palas?

A

Vijayasena

78
Q

Who took the western part of Lakshmanasens’s kingdom?

A

Muhammad Bakhtyar Khalji

79
Q

Which educational institution was founded by Dharmapala?

A

New Buddhist university of Vikramashila

80
Q

What is one indication of Palal Buddhist culture influencing Southeast Asia?

A

Paintings of Thangkas in Tibet and sculptures of Southeast Asia

81
Q

Who was the first Chalukya king?

A

Pulakeshin I

82
Q

What did the first Chalukya king do to declare his independence from the Kadambas?

A

Establish capital in Vatapi and celebrated great horse sacrifice

83
Q

What year did Vikramiditya II of the Chalukya capture the Pallava capital?

A

740

84
Q

Who founded the Pallava dynasty?

A

King Simhavishnu

85
Q

What was the original religion that Mahendravarman followed?

A

Jainism

86
Q

Who constructed the port Mahabalipuram?

A

Narasimhavarman aka Mahamalla

87
Q

Who was the greatest Pallava builder?

A

Narasimhavarman II

88
Q

How many Buddhist monasteries were there in Kanchipuram during Pallava rule?

A

100

89
Q

How many Hindu temples were there in Kanchipuram during the Pallava rule?

A

80

90
Q

What opportunity provided the Chola come back in the 9th -10th century?

A

Tributary princes under the Pallavas and reasserted their independence when Pallava power declined due to constant confrontation with mighty Rashtrakutas

91
Q

Which kingdoms did Rajaraja Chola defeat to expand his territorial boundaries?

A

Pandyas & Cheras

92
Q

Who built and Buddhist monastery at Nagapatam in 1005 CE?

A

Shailendra king of Shrivvijaya

93
Q

What drove the expansion of the Cholas into Southeast Asia and raised concerns with Siam and Cambodia?

A

Trade with China

94
Q

When did the international trade merchants raise to a significant power factor in India?

A

Medieval Period

95
Q

Which region of international trade was controlled by the Ayyavole?

A

Trade of the Deccan

96
Q

What was the regional base of the Manigramam trade guild?

A

Tamil Nadu

97
Q

What evidence is there that the “negation of the world” philosophy was not as prevalent in the late Middle Ages as it was in the early period of India?

A

inscription showing merchants had high opinion of themselves

98
Q

What effect did the constant raise and fall of dynasties in the Middle Ages have on the culture of India?

A

Distributive effect

99
Q

What difference in structure of the government is found in comparing Harsha’s Empire with the Gupta Empire?

A

Internal structure

100
Q

What was a distinctive structural feature on the medieval realms?

A

Rise of samantas

101
Q

Why was the medieval political structure inherently weak?

A

Not in position to install centralized admin beyond core area

102
Q

What was the first stage of “development from below” in South India?

A

Tribal chieftain would turn into local Hindu princeling

103
Q

What role did the tributary princes play in administration of the nuclear areas of a realm in Medieval India?

A

attended court of king but played no significant role in admin

104
Q

What event would mark the beginning of the third phase in the “development from below” in South India?

A

conquest and annexation of at least 1 early kingdom and some principalities which existed in intermediate region

105
Q

What was one type of development Orissa had before the decline of Kharavela’s realm?

A

imposed from above or imported from other region

106
Q

When did the second phase of development in Orissa began?

A

Samudragupta’s intervention

107
Q

What areas were brought together by the Somavamshis?

A

3 at coast and 2 in hinterland

108
Q

Which group of government officials is not mentioned in the Mahanadi delta inscription?

A

governors and district officers

109
Q

Who can the mandala lords of the Bhaumakara dynasty’s realm be compared to?

A

Allodial lords of medieval Europe

110
Q

How was the king’s prestige measured in Medieval India?

A

in terms of number of tributary princes attending the court

111
Q

What was Amoghavarsha’s cleaver way to control the tributary princes?

A

sent thousands dancers and courtesans as spies to the courts of his samantas

112
Q

In the Gupta dynasty why did the king give land grants to Brahmins in distant lands?

A

So they would act as missionaries of Hindu culture

113
Q

What was the name of the large temple build in Paramaras around 1059-80?

A

Udayeshvara Temple at Udaipur

114
Q

The close connections between the king and the large temple allowed him do what to unruly samantas?

A

Threaten with royal god

115
Q

What is one religious factor that characterizes medieval India?

A

Transformation of Brahminism into a new kind of Hinduism

116
Q

What was one non-religious factor that characterizes medieval India?

A

growth of regional cultures, evolution of regional language, emergence of regional kingdoms

117
Q

In medieval India why was infrastructure and agrarian extension under financed?

A

Resources diverted to Brahmins and temples

118
Q

What two contradictory tendencies when synthesized led to Hinduism of today?

A

Brahmin counter-reformaiton and Bhakti cults

119
Q

Which of the Hindu schools of philosophy is considered the “essence of Indian philosophy”?

A

Vedanta

120
Q

When did Shankara life?

A

788-820

121
Q

According to Shankara why do people believe the world is real?

A

Ignorance (avidya)

122
Q

How did Shankara accommodate popular Hinduism?

A

“allowing for lower truth” which embodies the manifold experience of the world and implies the existence of a divine creator

123
Q

Bhakti emphasizes which of the following?

A

Love of God and child-like devotion to him

124
Q

Where did the Bhakti movement begin?

A

Tamil Nadu

125
Q

What were the Vaishnavite bhakti saints called?

A

Nayanars and Alwars

126
Q

What constitutes the “Tamil Veda”?

A

“Holy Scriptures” (Tirumurai)

127
Q

What groups of people made up the early Shaivite bhakti movement?

A

Tamils/Tamil Saints

128
Q

What religious phenomenon helped increase bhakti’s appeal?

A

Gods manifested themselves at numerous places on Earth as well as in their heavenly abodes.

129
Q

What were two aspects of incorporating local gods into the greater Hindu pantheon?

A

anthropomorphism

sanskritised

130
Q

What cult is centered at Chidambaram?

A

Cult of Shiva

131
Q

Vyagrahapada came to Chidambaram for what reason?

A

In order to worship the Mulasthana lingam

132
Q

How was the “fish-eyed” goddess incorporated into the Great Tradition of Hindusim?

A

identifying her with Shiva’s wife Parvati

133
Q

According to the Great Tradition who is Jagannath?

A

Lord of the World

134
Q

Why do people go on pilgrimage to Gaya?

A

sacrifice for the ancestors

135
Q

Who was the most important representative of the Vaishnavite School of philosophy?

A

Ramanja

136
Q

The Vaishnavite philosophy of 1,100 CE is classified as which of the following?

A

Combination of Shankara’s Advaita philosophy with the Vaishnava Pancharatra theology, the latter claiming that Vishnu is the foundation of the universe - became doctrine of the Shri Vaishnavas. Ramanuja advocated a ‘qualified monism’ (vishishthadvaita).

137
Q

What is the content of the Gitagovinda?

A

love of Radha and Krishba

138
Q

When did Chaitanya live?

A

1485-1533

139
Q

What was one factor that helped northern India emerge from being eclipsed by the south?

A

Mathura chosen as centre of Krishna cult

140
Q

The most prominent school of Shaivism in the north was which of the following?

A

Kashmir Shaivism

141
Q

Who was the greatest exponent of Shaivism who lived in the 11th century?

A

Abhinavagupta

142
Q

What was one of the advantages that Shaiva Siddhanta?

A

Match the overpowering influence of Ramanuja’s philosophy

143
Q

What is one of the significant characteristics of the Lingayats?

A

Buried their dead instead of burned, reject caste system and Brahmin hegemony ritual, prohibit child marriage, allow re-marriage of widows, strict vegetarians, emphasized non-killing (ahimsa), shunned sexual excesses

144
Q

What was one contributing factor in the development of regional literature?

A

various sects and religious movements

145
Q

What helped promote pilgrimage sites in the period 1000-1300 CE?

A

Indo-Aryan languages

146
Q

Which of the three theories of spreading Indian culture to SE Asia has been rejected by scholars?

A

Kshatriya

147
Q

Why was J.C. van Leur important?

A

The first critic

148
Q

Who sent the first Buddhist monks to Burma?

A

Ashoka

149
Q

Which South Indian Buddhist master spent five months in Suvarnadvipa on his way to China?

A

Vajrabodhi

150
Q

Which area of India deserves the greatest credit for spreading Indian influences in SE Asia?

A

South India, especially Tamil Nadu

151
Q

When did direct Indian influence recede in SE Asia?

A

13th century

152
Q

Which dynasty is considered a Golden Age in India?

A

Gupta

153
Q

Who was the last great Gupta ruler in the 5th century?

A

Skandagupta

154
Q

Which areas of study advanced under the Gupta rule?

A

Math and Astronomy

155
Q

Who was the greatest poet and dramatists during the Gupta period?

A

Kalidasa

156
Q

Who were the great Mahayana philosophers and co-founders during the Gupta period?

A

Nagarjuna, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Maitreya

157
Q

What was different about the Gupta military in comparison to previous native Indian militaries?

A 
no chariots but mounted warriors 
lancers/swords no archers 
steel bows and arrows, fire arrows
war elephants 
shields, javelins, swords
158
Q

The God Shiva is often depicted as a lingam what is the goddess depicted as?

A

Yoni

159
Q

The period of Shakyamuni’s life that Mahayana took as a model was which of the following?

A

Awakening->Parinirvana

160
Q

The future earthly Buddha will be named which of the following?

A

Maitreya

161
Q

When did the Vajrayana originate?

A

6th century

162
Q

Kriya, Carya, Yoga and Anuyoga tantras are based on what fundamental Buddhist concept?

A

Darshana

163
Q

Which is a feature of Tantric Hinduism?

A

world embracing vision, positive expression of divine consciousness in male (shiva) and female (shakti) forms

164
Q

One of the unique techniques used in Hindu tantra is which of the following?

A

sex yoga, mantra, rituals, asanas, pranayama, yatra, mandalas

165
Q

In what century did Harsh come to power?

A

In the year 606 (7th)

166
Q

How old was Harsha when he was crowned king?

A

16

167
Q

Which play did Harsha write?

A

Ratnavali, Nagananda, Priyadarshika

168
Q

When was the Pala Empire begin?

A

750

169
Q

Which Pala king ruled in 1170 CE?

A

Vigrahapala III

170
Q

The earliest (proto-) Bengala literary work is which of the following?

A

Bhuddhist Charyapada

171
Q

When was the Chera Dynasty founded?

A

3rd century B.C.E.

172
Q

Who established the Medieval Cholas?

A

King Vijayalaya

173
Q

In what year was Rajadhiraja Chola II ruling?

A

1044-1053

174
Q

In what centuries did the Chalukya ruel?

A

6-12th

175
Q

Which religious group did the Chalukya support?

A

Jainism, Shaivism

176
Q

Who was the founder of the Badami Chulukya royal dynasty?

A

Pulakeshi I

177
Q

In the Vedic Mahajanapada period, what was the name of Andhra?

A

Telugu Cholas

178
Q

According to the powerpoint, who was the last of the “Later Pallava” rulers?

A

Aparajitha Varman

179
Q

Who brought Buddhism to Sri Lanka?

A

Mahinda

180
Q

In which centuries did the Licchavis rule Kathmandu valley?

A

3rd century CE

SAST 315 (2 decks)

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