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2nd sem > SAS mod 3 > Flashcards

SAS mod 3 Flashcards

1
Q

complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

A

Culture (Tyler, 1870)

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2
Q

a fuzzy set of basic assumptions and values, orientations to life, beliefs, policies, procedures and behavioural conventions that are shared by a group of people, and that influence (but do not determine) each member’s behaviour and his/her interpretations of the ‘meaning’ ofother people’s behaviour

A

Culture (Spencer-Oatey, 2008)

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3
Q

Culture is ______

A

associated with social groups

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4
Q

Cultural knowledge include (5)

A
  1. attitudes
  2. perceptions of reality
  3. standards of morality
  4. notions of the proper way to live
  5. belief systems (Kottack, 2006)
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5
Q

include how people act in situations and how they conduct themselves amidst other people, including what they do when experiencing emotions (Kottack, 2006).

A

Cultural behavior

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6
Q

all the natural and human-created objects to which people have attached meaning (Ferrante, 2011)

A

Material Culture

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7
Q

non-physical things such as ideas, values, beliefs, and rules that shape a culture.

A

Nonmaterial Culture

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8
Q

“both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning process where a man, as child and adult, achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated (Adamson Hoebel)“

A

Enculturation

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9
Q

Through enculturation, _________ which accounts for people thinking and acting in certain ways that might be __________.

A

people share experiences, beliefs, and values; considered characteristics of that group

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10
Q

According to Margaret Mead (1963), it is a process distinct from socialization in that enculturation refers to the actual process of cultural learning with a specific culture

A

enculturation

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11
Q

personality is obtained from culture

A

Franz Boas

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12
Q

Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict, believe that culture _______

A

shapes a person’s personality

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13
Q

The assumption is that people who were brought up in the same culture have ______

A

common personality traits

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14
Q

A person’s concept of self-esteem also corresponds to the _______

A

value priorities of a cultural context

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15
Q

the process of learning the society’s culture that new members of a society go through (Eitzen & Zinn, 1991)

A

Socialization

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16
Q

learning process that transforms a new member of a society into someone who knows how to live with others in that society

A

Socialization

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17
Q

While becoming a part of a culture, the individual members also assumes a member a _________

A

sense of self or identity

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18
Q

Socialization is a ____________, as throughout the life course, a person has to learn __________

A

womb-to-tomb (lifelong process); socially approved and culturally appropriate behavioural expectations.

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19
Q

enables us to see how general patterns in society are manifested by the individual members.

A

Socialization

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20
Q

Each individual is a ______

A

“micro” representation of society and culture.

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21
Q

It emerges through socialization

A

The social self

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22
Q

Socialization, from the point of view of society: to make the new individual members __________; to teach new members how to ___________

A

“similar” to or like the other members; become what society sees as acceptable

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23
Q

Socialization, from the point of view of the individual: _________

A

to have a sense of self, an identity

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24
Q

“a sense of group affiliation based on a distinct heritage or worldview as a people” (Miller, 2005)

A

Ethnicity

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25
Q

According to Eitzen & Zinn, 1991, ethnicity is

A

“the condition of being culturally rather than physically distinctive”

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26
Q

According to ________, ethnicity is a “shared cultural heritage

A

(Macionis, 2010)

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27
Q

People who share, believe they share, or are believed by others to share a national origin; a common ancestry; a place of birth; distinctive concrete social traits (such as religious practices, style of dress, body adornments, or language); or socially important physical characteristics (such as skin color, hair texture, body structure) (Ferrante, 2011)

A

Ethnicity

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28
Q

Indicator of identity

A

ethnicity

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29
Q

Socially ascribed status

A

Ethnicity

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30
Q

subsumed under membership in a particular subcultural group (i.e. Being a Filipino vs being a Waray)

A

ethnic identity

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31
Q

Belonging to an ethnic group means belonging to a _______

A

subculture

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32
Q

culture that is shared by most people within a large society.

A

Dominant/ Mainstream Culture

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33
Q

Groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, or material culture (Ferrante, 2011).

A

Subculture

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34
Q

“dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical system that determine his unique adjustments to his environment (Allport ,1961, as cited in Hall, Lindsey & Campbell, 1998)

A

Personality

35
Q

is a dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings. (Allport, 1961)

A

Personality

36
Q

Is a stable set of behavioral and experiential characteristics of an individual (American Psychological Association, 2014)

A

Personality

37
Q

Consistency within the individual and difference between individuals (Child, 1968)

A

personality

38
Q

characteristic patterns of behavior within an individual (Allport, 1961)

A

Personality

39
Q

Personality is an Internal process that guides _______ and is ________

A

behavior; relatively stable

40
Q

Three Principles Explaining Personality

A

1) consistency
2) causation
3) Organization

41
Q

helps establish consistency in the individual’s observable qualities and characteristics

A

Consistency

42
Q

Personality appears as an underlying force, influencing a person’s interactions with a social environment

A

Causation

43
Q

delineate a dew salient qualities of an individual, which are supposed to relate to one another. Represents a summary of an individual

A

Organization

44
Q

Big five traits

A

1) Neuroticism
2) Extroversion
3) Agreeableness
4) Conscientiousness
5) openness to experience (Costa and McCrae, 1985)

45
Q

provides the context for individual development

A

Culture

46
Q

An individual is not a ______ receiver of culture

A

passive

47
Q

The individual _______ with the culture and negotiates what _________ are important to the individual self

A

negotiates; aspects of culture

48
Q

showing one’s thoughts and feelings

A

Self Expression

49
Q

(T/F) People from different backgrounds and experiences express their choices, preferences, and belief ins diverse ways.

A

true

50
Q

Motivation for self-expression ___________

A

vary across culture

51
Q

The sense of individuality that is reflected in self-expression is _________ and allows freedom and creativity

A

self-affirming

52
Q

According to Santrock (2008), It is a self-portrait composed of components. The individual puts these components together in a ______ in order to which s/he is committed:

A

identity; long process

53
Q

9 components of self-portraits

A

1) vocational, career identity
2) political identity
3) religious identity
4) relationship identity
5) achievement/intellectual identity
6) sexual identity
7) interest
8) personality
9) physical identity

54
Q

According to Erik Erikson’s View of Identity during Adolescence, it typically surfaces during adolescence

A

Questions about identity

55
Q

adolescents are faced with having to decide _____, _______, ________

A

who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life

56
Q

society leaves adolescents “relatively free of responsibilities and free to try out different identities” to search and experiment with different roles and find out where they fit in the world.

A

Psychological moratorium

57
Q

Classification is based on the existence of or extent of crisis or commitment.

A

The Four Identity Statuses

58
Q

who: The Four Identity Statuses

A

James Marcia (1994)

59
Q

defined as a period during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

A

crisis

60
Q

personal investment in identity

A

Commitment

61
Q

The Four Identity Statuses (4)

A

1) Identity diffusion
2) Identity foreclosure
3) Identity moratorium
4) Identity achievement

62
Q

The status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any Commitments

A

Identity diffusion

63
Q

The status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced crisis

A

Identity foreclosure

64
Q

The status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose
commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined

A

Identity moratorium

65
Q

The status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a
commitment

A

Identity achievement

66
Q

is an aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership (Phinney et al.,2006).

A

Ethnic identity

67
Q

Many adolescents come from an ethnic group and are part of another cultural group. They resolve this by adopting a _________

A

bicultural identity

68
Q

identifying in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with their majority culture (Phinney and Ong, 2007).

A

Bicultural identity

69
Q

how individuals perceive themselves in relation to others, particularly the level of connectedness with and separateness from others, based upon culturally shared assumptions (Markus and Kitayama, 1991).

A

Self construal

70
Q

The ____________ dimension is one of the most noteworthy distinctions among cultures (Triandis, 2001)

A

collectivism-individualism

71
Q

In collectivist cultures, people are ___________ (family, tribe, nation, etc.), give priority to the _________, shape their behavior primarily on the basis of ingroup norms and behave in a communal way” (Mills and Clark, 1982, in Triandis, 2001)

A

independent within their in-groups; goals of their in-groups

72
Q

“in individualist societies people are ______________; they give priority to their _________ over the goals of their in-groups, they behave primarily on the basis of their attitudes rather than the norms of their in-groups and exchange theory adequately predicts their social sbehavior” (Triandis, 2001).

A

autonomous and independent from their in-groups; personal goals

73
Q

Culture plays a role on how the self is construed -an independent or an interdependent self-construal can become ___________based on culture (Markus and Kitayama, 1991)

A

more salient

74
Q

It is the self that is based on unique individual attributes and dispositions.

A

The independent self-construal

75
Q

The self is validated through the ___________. Values autonomy, individuality, and self-expression

A

individual’s personal achievements and successes

76
Q

defined as the self in terms of the person’s social roles/positions.

A

The interdependent self-construal

77
Q

The self is validated through _______, and evaluated based on the __________ relative to the realm of acceptable norms. Values belongingness, harmony, and cooperation with the other members of the culture.

A

one’s performance of duties and obligations; execution of behaviors

78
Q

These two self-construals account why people from different cultures have differing _____________

A

cognitions, emotions, and motivations.

79
Q

One’s identity and sense of self is ___________ as changes in the structure of society will have an effect on how one constructs identity and understands the process of identity construction.

A

not permanent

80
Q

It has become both a source and a consequence of engaging the society and culture in a discourse on “what is appropriate and acceptable” expression of one’s sense of self.

A

Social change

81
Q

Pushed the notion that there are various shapes, sizes and hues of individuals, and one mold that fits all is no longer a plausible image for all of the members of society.

A

Social movements

82
Q

The ________ is at the center of various forces spawned by globalization as seen in how societies have accommodated cultures from various points.

A

self

83
Q

“Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both” (C.W. Mills, 1959)

A

Sociological Imagination

2nd sem (2 decks)

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