SAS 9 Flashcards
refers to a set of pertinent activities such as collection organization presentation analysis and interpretation of quantitative data
statistics
it is a field of study which deals with the mathematical characterization of a group or group of items
statistics
refers to the process of gathering numerical information
collection of data
methods of gathering pertinent information include
interview
questionnaire
experiments
observations
documentary analysis
in appropriate tablets or graphs
presentation of data
refers to frequency distributions which may either one dimensional or two dimensional
tables
include bar graphs frequency polygon pie graph and many others
graphical presentation
refers to the activity of describing the properties or behavior off data of the possible correlation of different quantities or variables
analysis of data
has to be made based on the preliminary activities and other statistical methods. such methods involve testing the significance of the results
interpretation
steps in statistical inquiry
collection of data
presentation of data
analysis of data
interpretation
is the branch of applied statistics that concerns the application of statistical methods to medicine and biological problems.
biostatistics
it is the analysis of data that derived from biological sciences and medicine
biostatistics
the varies of the plant we should grow and the best combinations fertilizers, pesticides and densities
agriculture
research and experimentation in life processes plants and animals promote growth or prolong life
biology
production, distribution, sale merchandise, auditing and accounting procedures
business
composition, distribution, growth of human populations, birth, death, immigration rates, social economic standing of the population
demography
production, resources, trade, labor force, consumers and procedure responses to products and changes in prices, advertising system and distributions
economics
teaching-learning process, measurement and evaluation, educational studies enrallment, management and finance
education
design and test performance, quality control
engineering
the increase of birth defects and death toll near nuclear power plants
environmental studies
taxes and wages, materials resources movement of population election
government
public health program hospitalization problems of medical care occurrence and cost disease, accidents and handicaps
health
causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases
medicine
probability’s statistical theories and methods
research and statistics
social system and social welfare, behavior patterns of groups of people
social sciences
points made out of so many attempts from the field of foul from the line such as basketball football
sports
statistics has the same meaning as the latin word _______ which means a fact or information
datum
are the raw material which the statistician works.
data
it can be a person who simply collects information or one who prepares analysis or interpretations
statistician
two areas of statistics
descriptive statistics
inferential statistics
refers to the field of statistics that includes the methods of collecting, classifying, graphing, and averaging data with the objective of simply describing the properties or characteristics of the data at hand. Thus, the task of the statistician on this area is simply to select a few procedures, do some averaging, and eventually be able to identify significant figures of the given data.
descriptive statistics
it demands somewhat higher degree of critical judgment and advanced mathematical models.
This field is concerned with drawing conclusions or generalizations from organized data. Thus the task of the statistician here is not just to device ways to give summary description of the data but to devise ways, to test significance of the results
inferential statistics
Based on the research conducted by DOH, 63% of those found to have diabetes were not that they have such disease
Cigarettes were associated with 29% of the 4,470 civilian deaths in 1989
descriptive statistics
Drinking red wine may reduce the risk of heart disease by 12%
• Aspirin may lower the rate of heart attack by 50%
Carrot juice may strengthen the lungs
inferential statistics
refers to the totality of all objects under study.
population
refers to the method of getting a small part of the population.
sampling
That small part that serves as the representative of the population is called a
sample
is a subgroup of the population.
sample
The measures of the population are called ______ while those of the sample called
parameters
estimates or statistics
is the population size
N
is the margin of error
e
is the sample size
n
represent differences in quantity, character, or kind but not in amount. Examples are sex, birthplace or geographic locations, religious preference, marital status, and eye color. Characteristics
qualitative variables
are numeric in nature and can be ordered or ranked. Examples of quantitative variables are weight, height, age, test scores, speed and body temperatures. Numerical
quantitative variables
two types of variables or data
qualitative variables
quantitative variables
Quantitative variables are further classified as either
discrete or continuous
a variable whose values can be counted using integral values such as the gumberet
enrollees, drop outs, graduates in a certain college, deaths, number of employees. It assumes integral values.
discrete variable
a variable that can assume any numerical value over an interval or intervals. Examples include height, weight, temperature, time, pressure in a tire, and a number of miles driven. yields decimal or fraction
continuous variable
two main types of data
primary
secondary
assigning a numerical value to a variable is a process called
measurement
relates to the rules used to assign scores and is an indicator of the kind of information that the scores provide.
scale of level of measurement
four levels of scale of measurement
nominal data
ordinal data
interval scales
ratio data
use numbers for the purpose of identifying name or membership in a group or category. All quantitative variables are measured on a nominal scale. Observations can be classified and counted without a particular order or ranking imposed on the data.
nominal data
connote ranking or inequalities. One category is higher than the other one. In this type of data, numbers represent “greater than” or “less than” measurements, such as preference rankings. Convalescing patients may be characterized as unimproved, improved, and much improved. Individuals may be classified according to socioeconomic status as low, medium, or high
ordinal data
indicate an actual amount and there is equal unit of measurement separating each score, specifically equal Intervals. Interval data do not only include “greater than” and “less than” relationships, but also has a limit of measurement that permits us describe how much more or less one object possesses than other.
interval data
are similar to interval data, but has an absolute zero and multiplies are meaningful. Ratio data include all the usual measurements of length, height, weight, area, volume, density, velocity, money, and duration. These are the highest level of measurement.
ratio data
Classifying survey subjects as male or female (gender)
Classifying residents according to zip codes
Political party (KBL,LABAN, LP)
о
Religion (Catholic, Protestant)
Marital status (married, divorced, widowed, separated)
nominal data
Social class or incomes
Ordering of viands by preference
о
Responses to items on an instrument (always, sometimes, never)
Grades (A, B,C, D,F)
о
Rating scales ( based on scores or percentages)
ordinal data
The difference between 2 and 3 is the same difference between 3 and 4.
The 4 kilos of corn is twice that of 2 kilos
Fahrenheit temperature
Score on test as a measure of knowledge
Aptitude test scores
interval scales
Election vote
Speed of a production line
Average daily delivery of 1000 packages per day
Horsepower of motorcycle engines
Salaries of cashiers of day -night grocery stores.
ratio data
the characteristic that is being studied is called
variable
is a characteristic that takes two or more values which varies across individuals
variable
can be gathered throughout different ways such as interviewing people, observing or inspecting items using questionnaires and checklist
statistical data or information
