Saqs Flashcards
the key steps during the embryonic development of the hand starting with the hand plate, and
state 4 congenital anomalies of the hand. (8 marks)
Formation of digital rays
●
Notching
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Webbing
●
Separation via apoptosis
state 4 congenital anomalies of the hand
Polydactyly
Syndactyly
Amelia
Meromelia
Club foot
Brachydactyly
Name the boundaries and contents of the mid-palmar space. (6 marks)
BOUNDARIES OF THE MID-PALMAR SPACE (4 MARKS):
❖ Ventral - palmar aponeurosis
❖ Dorsal - 3rd to 5th metacarpal bones
❖ Medial - septum to the 5th metacarpal
❖ Lateral - septum to the 3rd metacarpal
CONTENTS (2 MARKS MAX):
- lumbricals
- synovial sheaths of long flexor tendons
- long flexor tendons
State any 2 varieties of spina bifida (2 marks)
Spina bifida cystica:
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With meningocele [1]
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With myelomeningocele [1]
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Myeloschisis [1]
CONTENTS OF THE MID-PALMAR SPACE (2 MARKS):
❖ Long flexor tendons
❖ Synovial sheaths of the above
❖ Lumbricals
3. a) Identify A and C in the diagram below. (2 m
Name two structures that contribute to the anterior column stability of the spine. (2 marks)
Anterior longitudinal ligament
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Anterior two-thirds of the vertebral body
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Anterior two-thirds of the intervertebral disc
Shxj
Name two structures that pass through the intervertebral foramen. (2 marks)
Spinal nerve
Dorsal nerve
- Describe the clinical relevance of the cavernous venous sinus
CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
➔ Cavernous sinus thrombosis - following spread of infections
➔ Compression of various cranial nerves within the cavernous sinus
➔ Rupture of the internal carotid artery within the sinus - pulsating exophtalmos
State the significance of the ischial spine. (1 mark
Pudendal nerve block
NB// A pudendal nerve block is an injection in your pelvic region that can provide temporary pain relief.
It aims to block the nerve as it enters the lesser sciatic foramen, 1 cm inferior and medial relative to the
attachment of the sacrospinous ligament to the ischial spine
- Name three internal rotators of the hip joint. (3 marks
Iliopsoas, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
Name three joints where supination and pronation occur. (3 mar
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
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Middle radio-ulnar joint
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Distal radio-ulnar jo
Name three structures traversing the jugular foramen, and 2 structures traversing foramen spinosum.
(5 marks)
FORAMEN SPINOSUM: Middle meningeal artery, and meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
(nervus spinosus).
JUGULAR FORAMEN:
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CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve
5
-
CN X - vagus nerve
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CN XI - accessory nerve
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Sigmoid sinus
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Inferior petrosal sinus
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Posterior meningeal artery
Name two segments of the spine with a secondary curvature. (2 mark
Cervical segment
lumbar segment
State 2 stability factors of the spinal cord. (2 marks) [ SPINE AND SPINAL CORD ARE TWO
DIFFERENT THINGS! ]
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Continuation with the brain
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Spinal nerves
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Denticulate ligaments
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Filum terminale
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CSF
