SAQ 2014 Flashcards
What are 4 functions of the cell plasma membrane?
Acts as semi-permeable membrane
Hosts cell membrane receptors
Regulates what goes in and out of cell
Separates intracellular cell contents from extracellular cell contents
What are the 3 lipid groups that make up the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
Two organelles in the cell which are derived from the plasma membrane, involved in protein synthesis and repackaging?
Golgi apparatus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle in the cell does the tricarboxylic cycle occur in?
Mitochondria
If BP = blood pressure, PVR = peripheral vascular resistance, and CO = cardiac output, write an equation that indicates the interrelationship between these parameters?
BP = CO x PR
Which type of blood vessel is the major site of peripheral vascular resistance?
Arterioles
State three metabolic or physiological factors that reduce peripheral vascular resistance.
Nitric oxide/metabolic breakdown products, hypoxia, hypercapnia, reduced sympathetic stimulation, parasympathetic stimulation
List two anatomical sites where arterial baroreceptors are located
Aortic arch
Carotid sinus
State two effects that stimulating arterial baroreceptors has on systemic blood pressure
Decreased sympathetic nervous system stimulation, decreased arteriolar vasoconstriction, decreased blood pressure
What is the normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure for an adult male aged 30?
120/80mmHg
Which part of the stomach has parietal cells?
Fundus and body
2 secretions of parietal cells, 1 secretion of chief cells
intrinsic factor and HCl; pepsinogen
How do NSAIDs predispose you to peptic ulcers in the stomach?
Block COX → reduce PG production → reduced mucosal defence
Explain how food in the duodenum can stimulate the downregulation of parietal cells in the stomach.
Somatostatin + CCK inhibit gastrin and histamine. Somatostatin release from pancreas inhibits HCl production by parietal cells.
Dietary nutrient and amino acid required for hormone secreted by thyroid follicular epithelial cells
Dietary nutrient: Iodine
Amino acid: Tyrosine
What two proteins in the blood do the hormones from the thyroid bind to?
Albumin; thyroxine binding protein; transthyretin
The hormone acts on all cells in the body. Where are the receptors found?
nucleus
Name the hormones synthesised in the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex
glomerulosa - aldosterone
fasciculata - cortisol
reticularis - DHEA
What enzyme is present in Zona glomerulosa that is not present anywhere else?
aldosterone synthetase
Hormone used to detect pregnancy. Do not abbreviate
Human chorionic gonadotropin
3 Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy
Increased cardiac output, decreased blood pressure, decreased total peripheral resistance, increased uterine blood flow
Hormone that prevents myometrial contraction during pregnancy
Progesterone
What two hormones are secreted in the kidney?
Renin, Erythropoietin
What hormones are secreted elsewhere but activated in the kidney?
Calcidiol, Angiotensinogen
What is the formula for anion gap?
(Cl- + HCO3-(Na+ + K+) -)
Name the 3 joints in the synovial cavity in the knee?
Medial Tibiofemoral (condyloid) Lateral Tibiofemoral (condyloid) Patellofemoral (gliding)
Which type of collagen is found in articular cartilage?
Type II
What is the difference between analgesic and anaesthetic?
Analgesic - loss of pain. Dulls sensation of pain.
Anaesthetic - loss of pain, temperature and touch. Blocks the sensation of pain.
2 types of fibres analgesics work on?
C fibres, A-delta fibres
How does lignocaine (local anaesthetic) work?
Sodium channel blocker, prevents depolarisation and transmission of pain sensation
Why would you get referred pain to the shoulder with gallbladder/diaphragmatic irritation?
Both innervated by C5
non-surgical, non-pharmaceutical methods of relieving pain?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Hypnosis, Aerobic Exercise, Meditation, Hydrotherapy
Definition of distress. Definition of eustress
Distress: Negative stress, damaging and harmful
Eustress: Positive stress, beneficial and motivating
Signs of stress - 4 types and 4 examples apart from physiological
Biochemical - Altered endorphin levels, increase in cortisol
Behavioural - Increase in absenteeism, smoking and alcohol
Cognitive - Negative thoughts, loss of concentration
Emotional - Tearful, mood swings, irritable, aggressive, apathy
What chronic stressors apart from work should the doctor ask about?
Relationships, unstable financial status, lack of friends, poor physical health
Name 2 non-pharmacological factors which mediate the effect of stress?
Social support, beliefs, personality, lifestyle, exercise
Which part of the brain is the somatosensory and motor cortex in? Be specific.
Left parietal lobe, post-central gyrus; Left frontal lobe- pre-central gyrus
Which part of the Circle of Willis supplies: hand? leg?
Middle Cerebral Artery; Anterior Cerebral Artery
Wife tries to talk to him. Man is responsive but his response is incomprehensible. What is the motor speech part and which lobe of the brain is affected.
Broca’s area
Frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere
What is the internal capsule?
Projection fibre
Axons from motor cortex to deep brain structures
What type of lesion affecting the motor neurone of the facial nerve?
LMN
