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Past Exam Questions > SAQ 2014 > Flashcards

SAQ 2014 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 functions of the cell plasma membrane?

A

Acts as semi-permeable membrane
Hosts cell membrane receptors
Regulates what goes in and out of cell
Separates intracellular cell contents from extracellular cell contents

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2
Q

What are the 3 lipid groups that make up the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol

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3
Q

Two organelles in the cell which are derived from the plasma membrane, involved in protein synthesis and repackaging?

A

Golgi apparatus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Which organelle in the cell does the tricarboxylic cycle occur in?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

If BP = blood pressure, PVR = peripheral vascular resistance, and CO = cardiac output, write an equation that indicates the interrelationship between these parameters?

A

BP = CO x PR

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6
Q

Which type of blood vessel is the major site of peripheral vascular resistance?

A

Arterioles

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7
Q

State three metabolic or physiological factors that reduce peripheral vascular resistance.

A

Nitric oxide/metabolic breakdown products, hypoxia, hypercapnia, reduced sympathetic stimulation, parasympathetic stimulation

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8
Q

List two anatomical sites where arterial baroreceptors are located

A

Aortic arch

Carotid sinus

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9
Q

State two effects that stimulating arterial baroreceptors has on systemic blood pressure

A

Decreased sympathetic nervous system stimulation, decreased arteriolar vasoconstriction, decreased blood pressure

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10
Q

What is the normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure for an adult male aged 30?

A

120/80mmHg

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11
Q

Which part of the stomach has parietal cells?

A

Fundus and body

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12
Q

2 secretions of parietal cells, 1 secretion of chief cells

A

intrinsic factor and HCl; pepsinogen

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13
Q

How do NSAIDs predispose you to peptic ulcers in the stomach?

A

Block COX → reduce PG production → reduced mucosal defence

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14
Q

Explain how food in the duodenum can stimulate the downregulation of parietal cells in the stomach.

A

Somatostatin + CCK inhibit gastrin and histamine. Somatostatin release from pancreas inhibits HCl production by parietal cells.

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15
Q

Dietary nutrient and amino acid required for hormone secreted by thyroid follicular epithelial cells

A

Dietary nutrient: Iodine

Amino acid: Tyrosine

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16
Q

What two proteins in the blood do the hormones from the thyroid bind to?

A

Albumin; thyroxine binding protein; transthyretin

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17
Q

The hormone acts on all cells in the body. Where are the receptors found?

A

nucleus

18
Q

Name the hormones synthesised in the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex

A

glomerulosa - aldosterone
fasciculata - cortisol
reticularis - DHEA

19
Q

What enzyme is present in Zona glomerulosa that is not present anywhere else?

A

aldosterone synthetase

20
Q

Hormone used to detect pregnancy. Do not abbreviate

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

21
Q

3 Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy

A

Increased cardiac output, decreased blood pressure, decreased total peripheral resistance, increased uterine blood flow

22
Q

Hormone that prevents myometrial contraction during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

23
Q

What two hormones are secreted in the kidney?

A

Renin, Erythropoietin

24
Q

What hormones are secreted elsewhere but activated in the kidney?

A

Calcidiol, Angiotensinogen

25
Q

What is the formula for anion gap?

A

(Cl- + HCO3-(Na+ + K+) -)

26
Q

Name the 3 joints in the synovial cavity in the knee?

A 
Medial Tibiofemoral (condyloid)
Lateral Tibiofemoral (condyloid)
Patellofemoral (gliding)
27
Q

Which type of collagen is found in articular cartilage?

A

Type II

28
Q

What is the difference between analgesic and anaesthetic?

A

Analgesic - loss of pain. Dulls sensation of pain.

Anaesthetic - loss of pain, temperature and touch. Blocks the sensation of pain.

29
Q

2 types of fibres analgesics work on?

A

C fibres, A-delta fibres

30
Q

How does lignocaine (local anaesthetic) work?

A

Sodium channel blocker, prevents depolarisation and transmission of pain sensation

31
Q

Why would you get referred pain to the shoulder with gallbladder/diaphragmatic irritation?

A

Both innervated by C5

32
Q

non-surgical, non-pharmaceutical methods of relieving pain?

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Hypnosis, Aerobic Exercise, Meditation, Hydrotherapy

33
Q

Definition of distress. Definition of eustress

A

Distress: Negative stress, damaging and harmful
Eustress: Positive stress, beneficial and motivating

34
Q

Signs of stress - 4 types and 4 examples apart from physiological

A

Biochemical - Altered endorphin levels, increase in cortisol
Behavioural - Increase in absenteeism, smoking and alcohol
Cognitive - Negative thoughts, loss of concentration
Emotional - Tearful, mood swings, irritable, aggressive, apathy

35
Q

What chronic stressors apart from work should the doctor ask about?

A

Relationships, unstable financial status, lack of friends, poor physical health

36
Q

Name 2 non-pharmacological factors which mediate the effect of stress?

A

Social support, beliefs, personality, lifestyle, exercise

37
Q

Which part of the brain is the somatosensory and motor cortex in? Be specific.

A

Left parietal lobe, post-central gyrus; Left frontal lobe- pre-central gyrus

38
Q

Which part of the Circle of Willis supplies: hand? leg?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery; Anterior Cerebral Artery

39
Q

Wife tries to talk to him. Man is responsive but his response is incomprehensible. What is the motor speech part and which lobe of the brain is affected.

A

Broca’s area

Frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

40
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Projection fibre

Axons from motor cortex to deep brain structures

41
Q

What type of lesion affecting the motor neurone of the facial nerve?

A

LMN

Past Exam Questions (3 decks)

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