Mock Spotter 2015 Flashcards
What type of joint are the costal cartilages?
a. Primary cartilaginous
b. Secondary cartilaginous
c. Synovial
d. Fibrous
e. Condyloid
a. primary cartilagenous
Bone are connected via hyaline cartilage
What type of joint is the distal tibio-fibular joint?
a. Primary cartilaginous
b. Secondary cartilaginous
c. Synovial
d. Fibrous
e. Condyloid
d. fibrous
is a syndemoses = little movement
where else can you find hyaline cartilage?
a. Epiglottis
b. Bronchioles
c. External ear (auricle)
d. Bronchi
e. Meniscus of the knee joint
d. trachea + bronchi
epiglottis + external ear = elastic
bronchioles = no cartilage
meniscus of knee = fibrocartilage
- Which way does blood flow normally?
a. Right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta body
b. Right atrium right ventricle pulmonary veins lungs pulmonary arteries left atrium left ventricle aorta body
c. Left atrium left ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins right atrium right ventricle aorta body
d. Left atrium left ventricle pulmonary veins lungs pulmonary arteries right atrium right ventricle aorta body
e. Right ventricle right atrium pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta body
A
what is afterload?
a. Sum of the outputs of the right and left side of the heart
b. Fraction of blood ejected by the left ventricle during systole
c. Intrinsic ability of the myocardium to contract
d. Pressure against which the heart must contract to eject blood during systole
e. Ventricular end diastolic pressure which stretches cardiomyocytes
D - Pressure against which the heart must contract to eject blood during systole
Which structure is not supplied by superior mesenteric?
a. Appendix
b. Ascending colon
c. Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
d. 3rd and 4th parts of the duodenum
e. Ileum
C. Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
Is actually supplied by the inferior mesenteric
What are the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from innermost to outermost?
a. Serosa, muscularis propria, submucosa, mucosa
b. Submucosa, mucosa, muscularis propria, serosa
c. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, serosa
d. Submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis propria
e. Mucosa, muscularis propria, submucosa, serosa
C. Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, serosa
The submucosa contains larger blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, mucus secreting glands etc. Muscularis propria – there is an inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer. The serosa is also known as the adventitia and usually covers external surfaces.
What are the true vocal cords lined by?
a. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
b. Stratified squamous epithelium
c. Simple squamous epithelium
d. Simple columnar epithelium
e. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
B. stratified squamous epithelium.
As they constantly adduct and vibrate during phonation, SSE is better suited to the constant sloughing.
which laryngeal muscle is responsible for normal breathing?
a. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
b. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
c. Interarytenoid muscle
d. Thyroarytenoid muscle
e. Cricothyroid muscle
A. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
It is the only abductor of the vocal cords.
What is the epithelium that lines the airways?
a. Goblet cells
b. Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
c. Ciliated stratified columnar epithelium
d. Ciliated cuboidal epithelium
e. Macrophages
B. Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
Which lobe is an aspirated peanut most likely to have entered?
a. Right lower lobe
b. Left lower lobe
c. Right middle lobe
d. Left upper lobe
e. Right upper lobe
A – Right lower lobe.
As the right bronchus is slightly wider and more vertical aspirated objects tend toward the right lung. Assuming the man is standing up the peanut will most likely enter the lower lobe due to gravity.
The expiratory reserve volume is:
a. The volume in the lungs at the end of passive expiration
b. The maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration
c. The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
d. The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing
e. The maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level
B. The maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration
Which neurotransmitter is particularly active in the substatnia nigra?
a. Serotonin
b. Glutamate
c. Acetylcholine
d. Dopamine
e. Noradrenaline
D. Dopamine
Which of the following structures is not included in the basal ganglia?
a. Subthalamic nucleus
b. Globus pallidus
c. Thalamus
d. Caudate nucleus
e. Putamen
C. Thalamus
What structure mainly forms the roof of the fourth ventricle?
a. Cerebellum
b. Tentorium
c. Corpus callosum
d. Thalamus
e. Internal capsule
A – Cerebellum mostly forms the roof of the fourth ventricles.
Remember for the foramina of the 4th ventricle magendie = medial, luschka = lateral
What is shown in the slide above?
a. Graafian follicle
b. Proliferative endometrium
c. Corpus luteum
d. Cervical lining
e. Vaginal epithelium
C – Corpus luteum.
If fertilisation and implantation take place the corpus luteum will continue to secrete progesterone and small amounts of oestrogen for around 4 weeks until the growing placenta takes over.
Which hormone(s) is/are required for proliferative endometrium to become secretory endometrium?
a. Progesterone
b. Follicle stimulating hormone
c. Oestrogen
d. Progesterone and oestrogen
e. Lutenising hormone
D. In the proliferative phase, the uterine lining and uterine glands become thicker as epithelial and stromal cells undergo mitosis. This phase is under oestrogen control. Oestrogen causes upregulation of oestrogen receptors (thus enhancing its own effect) and progesterone receptors, to prime the endometrium and enable it to respond to progesterone in the luteal phase.
Which of the following structures runs through the inguinal canal in women?
a. Broad ligament
b. Vaginal artery
c. Ovarian ligament
d. Ilioinguinal nerve
e. Round ligament
– The round ligament, which passes through the inguinal canal to the labia majora where its fibres attach to the mons pubis. The ilioinguinal nerve passes through the superficial inguinal ring but not the deep inguinal ring, so doesn’t go through the whole inguinal canal.
. The juxta-glomerular apparatus releases a hormone. What is the function of this hormone?
a. It catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
b. It converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1, 25-dehydroxyvitamin D
c. It causes the release of aldosterone
d. It catalyses the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
e. It stimulates the release glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands
D. Angiotensin converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Which parasympathetic nerve is responsible for micturition?
a. Pudendal nerve
b. Ilioinguinal nerve
c. Genitofemoral nerve
d. Pelvic splanchnic nerve
e. Hypogastric nerve
Answer: D – Pelvic splanchnic nerve, which causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal sphincter. The hypogastric nerve is responsible for the sympathetic innervation which relaxes the detrusor muscle and causes contraction of the internal sphincter therefore allowing storage of urine. The pudendal nerve is related to control of the external urethral sphincters and is under somatic control. The genitofemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve innervate the areas around the genitals and groin.
