SAQ

Question 1

3 Main drug categories of antibiotics

Answer 1

Inhibition cell wall synthesis
Inhibition protein synthesis
Inhibition DNA synthesis & Nucleic acid

Question 2

2 Drugs inhibiting cell wall synthesis
+ w examples

Answer 2

1) Beta-lactams (Penincillin, Cephalosporin)

2) Glycopeptides (Vancomycin, Teicoplanin)

Question 3

How does betalactams and glycopeptides inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Answer 3

•Beta-lactams bind to and inhibit penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are crucial for peptidoglycan cross-linking, disrupting cell wall integrity and leading to bacterial cell lysis.

•Glycopeptides bind to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala moiety of peptidoglycan precursors, preventing cell wall synthesis and resulting in bacterial cell death.

Question 4

Name 3 Drug classes that inhibit 50s protein synthesis
+examples

Answer 4

•Macrolides (azi,ery,clari,roxy -thromycin)
•Lincosamides (clindamycin)
•Oxazolidinones (line, tedi -zolid)

Question 5

Name 2 Drug classes that inhibit 30s protein synthesis
+examples

Answer 5

Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, Neo&tobra mycin)
Tetracyclines (Doxy, mino, tige -cyclines)

Question 6

Name 2 drug classes that inhibit DNA synthesis and their examples.

Answer 6

•Quinolones (Ciprofloxacin)
•Sulfonamides (Sulfamthoxazole, sulfadiazine)

Question 7

MOA of quinolones & sulfonamides

Answer 7

•Quinolones inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes necessary for bacterial DNA replication, leading to DNA strand breaks and cell death.

•Sulfonamides inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of folic acid, which is necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis in bacteria.

Question 8

List three quinolone antibiotics and their primary clinical indications.

Answer 8

•Ciprofloxacin (urinary tract infections)
•Levofloxacin (respiratory infections)
•Moxifloxacin (community-acquired pneumonia)

Question 9

Name two sulfonamide antibiotics and their therapeutic use.

Answer 9

Answer:
•Sulfamethoxazole (used with trimethoprim for urinary tract infections),
•Sulfadiazine (used in combination with pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis).

Question 10

List Common AE of beta-lactam drugs

Answer 10

GI upset: Nausea, Diarrhea, Vomiting

Question 11

Potential adverse effects of glycopeptides, and how can they be mitigated?

Answer 11

•Nephrotoxicity
•Redman syndrome
•To mitigate, monitor renal function and slow infusion rate

Question 12

AE of Tetracyclines

Answer 12

Cramps, nausea, diarrhea
Tooth discoloration
Enamel hypoplasia

Question 13

A 45-year-old male patient is started on Vancomycin for a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. After the first infusion, he develops erythema and pruritus over his upper body and face. What is the likely cause of these symptoms, and how should the infusion be adjusted?

Answer 13

Answer:
The patient is experiencing Redman syndrome, a reaction associated with rapid Vancomycin infusion due to histamine release. The infusion should be slowed, and antihistamines can be administered if necessary.

Question 14

A 30-year-old patient presents with recurrent urinary tract infections and is prescribed Ciprofloxacin. Which enzyme does Ciprofloxacin target, and what are the possible adverse effects to monitor for?

Answer 14

Answer:
Ciprofloxacin targets DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset, tendonitis, and the risk of tendon rupture.

Question 15

A 60-year-old patient with a history of renal impairment is being treated for a serious Gram-positive bacterial infection. Which antibiotic class should be used with caution due to the risk of nephrotoxicity, and what adjustments should be made?

Answer 15

Answer:
Glycopeptides (e.g., Vancomycin) should be used with caution due to nephrotoxicity. Dose adjustments based on renal function and close monitoring of serum levels are recommended to avoid toxicity.