SAP Psychology Quiz Flashcards
What is Psychology?
- Psychology is the study of cognitions, emotions, and behavior.
- Psychology’s early questions focused on the study of the mind and the behaviors that result from what goes on in it.
- Psychologist seek to understand the brain and the mind, and how they affect and direct human behavior.
- They research to better understand how people behave in specific situations, how and why we think the way we do, and how emotions develop and what impact they have on our interactions with others.
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud’s theory that all human behavior is influenced by early childhood experiences
influence the unconscious mind through out life.
It is based on the belief that unlocking the unconscious mind is the key to understanding human behavior and relationship.
(ex. calling your new love interest by your ex’s name - leads a psychoanalyst to speculate that you have unresolved feelings about your ex or misgiving about the new relationship.)
Unconscious
Information processing in our mind that we are not aware of.
Freud: it holds our unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories.
(ex. memories and emotions that are too painful, embarrassing, shameful, or distressing.)
Jung: it includes patterns of memories, instincts, and experiences common to all.
Conscious
Is everything that we are always aware of. Our conscious mind performs the thinking when we take in new information.
(ex. perceptual experiences: tasting and seeings etc)
Sigmund Frued
One of the world’s most famous psychologist.
- known for his conception of human consciousness as consisting of three distinct parts: id, ego, and superego.
- Fried believed that human personality results from the ego’s efforts to resolve these conflicts.
The id, ego, and superego
Id: instinctual part of mind, which operates on the pleasure principle.
The most unconscious part of your mind.
(basic wants and desires)
(ex. I want to skip my workout because feel lazy and just want to relax.)
Ego: rational part of mind, which operates on the reality principle. It often suppresses the urges of the id.
(ex. I can do a shorter workout today and make up for it with a longer session tomorrow.)
Superego: term for the moral centre of the mind.
The part of mind which makes you aware of what it right and wrong, and which causes you to be guilty when you have done something wrong.
(sense of reason and right from wrong)
(ex. I shouldn’t skip the workout because it is essential for my health and discipline.)
The ego often struggles to satisfy the needs of the impulsive id while satisfying the moral superego.
Acts of the Unconscious Mind
Unconscious mind stores all the memories and experiences that are not being consciously thought about. Fried described the mind as an iceberg.
-> our conscious mind is above water.
-> the unconscious mind is below the surface.
-> the id is totally unconscious, while the ego and superego straddle both sides of the iceberg and therefore operate both consciously and unconsciously.
To uncover the unconscious mind, Freud uses methods such as free association.
Free association: a method used in psychoanalysis where a patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.
Defense Mechanism
The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety.
Repression: unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious.
(ex. not remembering a traumatic incident in which you witnessed a crime.)
Regression: reverting back to immature behavior from an earlier stage of development.
(ex. throwing temper tantrums as an adult when you don’t get your way.)
Displacement: the shift of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation.
(ex. taking your anger toward your boss out on your spouse or children by yelling at them and not your boss.)
Sublimation: replacing socially unacceptable impulses with socially acceptable behavior.
(ex. someone with anger issues may channel their aggressive urges into sports instead of lashing out at others physically or verbally.)
Reaction formation: acting in exactly the opposite way to one’s unacceptable impulses.
(ex. a young boy who bullies a young girl because on a subconscious level, he’s attracted to her.)
Projection: attributing one’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts to others and not yourself./ unconsciously taking unwanted emotions or traits you don’t like about yourself and attributing to someone else.
(ex. accusing your boyfriends of cheating on you because you have felt like cheating on him.)
Rationalization: creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts, or behavior. / which people justify difficult or unacceptable feeling with seemingly logical reasons and explanations.
(ex. Justifying cheating on an exam by saying that everyone else cheats.)
These help us maintain our mental health by protecting us from feelings or realities that cause anxiety or distress.
Miss Elizabeth
Id : tells Miss Elizabeth to marry her brother-in-law since her sister died.
Ego: wants to believe that she is doing nothing wrong which caused the physical pain. (the physical pain helped her not to do these actions.)
Superego: tells that it is not right to marry her brother-in-law.
Defense Mechanism: repression - Miss Elizabeth did not know the feeling she had for wanting to marry her sister’s husband.
- Running away from the problem caused Miss Elizabeth’s pain.
- In order to solve her problem she has to face on what horrified her.
- hypnotize gave Freud the unconsciousness of Miss Elizabeth.
Carl Jung
A Swiss psychiatrist who grew to disagree with Freud on a number of key issues including the influence of sexuality on human behavior.
He founded Analytic Psychology: a way to understand motivation based on the conscious and unconscious mind, which forms a psyche. (ex. all the parts of the human mind that affect personality.)
- He believed that achieving balance within the psyche would allow people to reach their true potential.
He believed that there are two parts to the unconscious:
1. Personal unconscious - unique to its individual. (ex. childhood memories that are forgotten and traumatic memories that the mind has blocked from conscious memories.)
2. Collective unconscious - contains memories from our ancestors, shared by all human being regardless of their culture. (ex. the universal fear of snakes and spiders.)
He determined that these models of people, behaviors, and personalities were universal ARCHETYPES of the collective unconscious.
Archetypes: connects us to images as well as emotions. (ex. Mother = nurturing and soothing, Father = stern, powerful, and controlling.)
Jung contributed a great deal of the understanding of personality: an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
- believed that we are all either introverted of extroverted,
- added his four Functional Types: thinking (uses reasons) , feelings (uses emotions), sensation (uses the five senses), intuition (uses perception)
- Katherine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers developed MBTI based on Jung’s theory.
Behavioral Psychology
It is based on the belief that psychologists need empirical evidence, obtained through experimentation, to understand and change human behavior.
It focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.
Ivan Pavlov
He devised an experiment to see if other things could make a dog drool.
He came up with the CLASSICAL CONDITIONING.
Classical Conditioning: a type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairing with a conditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Response: the natural response to unconditioned stimulus.
(ex. drooling)
Unconditioned Stimulus: a stimulus that naturally triggers a response.
(ex. dog food)
Neutral Stimulus: something that does not produce a specific reaction.
(ex. ringing the BELL at the same time to dog receiving the food.)
Conditioned Response: the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
(ex. the dog began to associate the sound of the bell when receiving food.)
Conditioned Stimulus: an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
B.F Skinner
Skinner studied how the use of rewards and punishment can influence behavior, which became known as operant conditioning.
Operant Conditioning: a type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behavior.
He designed the Skinner box:
-> it has a bar or pedal on one wall that, when pressed, causes a little mechanism to release a food pallet into the cage.
-> a rat is rewarded with food each time it presses the bar.
-> the rat peddles away at the bar, hoarding its pile of pellets in the corner of the cage.
-> if the rat do not get anymore pallets, the rat will stop its bar-pressing behavior which shows extinction.
Extinction: in operant conditions, the diminishing of a condition response due to a lack of reinforcement.
Skinner showed that behavior can be controlled by using positive and negative reinforcement methods.
Humanist Psychology
Humanist Psychology developed out of the patient relationship idea of therapy.
They believed that the client should be very involved in his or hers own recovery, rather than relying only on the therapist interpretation of the issue.
Humanist Psychology look at the human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving.
Humanism rejects quantitative methodology like experiments and prefers qualitative research methods.
-> Quantitative: experiments.
-> Qualitative: measuring or counting and resulting in numerical form. (ex. diary accounts, open-ended questions, and unstructured interviews)
Abraham Maslow
Considered one of the founders of Humanist Psychology.
He was interested in studying well-people (opposite to Freud).
Studied what he called “SELF-ACTUALIZING”.
Self-Actualizing: reaching one’s full potential- occurs only after basic physical and psychological needs are met. (ex. pursuing a passion or creative endeavor.)
