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v French revolution 2 : Constitutional monarchy > sans-culottes and the collapse of constitutional monarchy > Flashcards

sans-culottes and the collapse of constitutional monarchy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the factors for the collapse of Constitutional monarchy ?

A
  1. Influence of the SC
  2. Defeats in war / military context
  3. Influence of the Paris commune
  4. Revolutionary Journees
  5. Economic situation
  6. September massacres
  7. Actions of Louis
  8. Politics of the legislative assembly and National convention
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2
Q

Defeats in war

A
  • Brunswick manifesto - July 1792 which added fuel to the fire in favour for abolishing CM
  • Prussian Army took Longway - August 1791 which created widespread fear and paranoia
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3
Q

Who were the sans-culottes and who/what did they support ?

A
  • WC supporters of the left wing eg Danton, Marat and the Cordeliers club (By 1792 the Parisian sections)
  • Shared a hatred of the bourgeoisie and the nobility
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4
Q

When was the first Journee and what was it on the anniversary of ?

A
  • On the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath (20th June) 1792
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5
Q

How many people were involved in the Journee of 20th June 1792 and where did they go ?

A
  • ## 8000 sans-culottes accompanied by some national guard marched to Tuileries
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6
Q

What did the people of the Journee of 20th June 1792 demand ?

A
  • Demanded that Louis retracted his vetoes and reinstated his pro-war ministers
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7
Q

How severe was the threat caused by the Journee 20th June 1792 and how did it end ?

A
  • Filled the assembly with fear but it turned out to be quite a limp affair
  • Louis opened his doors to the crowd, wore a bonnet rouge and drank a toast to the nation
  • he made no promises to the crowd but they seemed satisfied and Petition the Mayor of Paris persuaded them to leave
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8
Q

How did the moderates respond to the 20th June 1792 Journee ?

A
  • The moderates were unsettled and Lafayette left his troops to visit the Assembly on 28th June to demand action against protesters
  • However 2nd July : the Army of the North was in retreat which seemed to justify the sans-culottes demands
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9
Q

Why was the assembly put under pressure in July 1792 ?

A
  • 11th July the decree La patrie en danger was issued in response to French reverses in the war (called on all men to support the war effort)
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10
Q

When and what was Robespierre’s speech to the Assembly ?

A
  • 29th July 1792
  • Echoed the opinion of the Paris commune, that France should be a Republic
  • Argued there should be elections to a national convention in which both passive and active citizens should be able to vote
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11
Q

When did the Brunswick manifesto arrive in paris, when was it produced and what were it’s consequences ?

A
  • Written on 25th July by the Duke of Brunswick and reached Paris on the 1st Aug 1792
  • Warned that any national guardsman captured by the Austrians would be put to death and Paris would suffer vengeance if any harm came to the King
  • Added fuel to the fire for those who wanted to get rid of the monarchy
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12
Q

When was the SC second Journee and how many people ?

A
  • 10th August 1792

- 20,000 SC accompanied by 2,000 federes and national guards marched to Tuilleries Palace

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13
Q

How did Louis prepare for the 10th August 1792 Journee ?

A
  • Both sides were well armed
  • Louis was persuaded to seek sanctuary in the Assembly
  • Detachments of the National Royal Guard, some gendarmes and three battalions of the Swiss Guard (2,000-3,000 men in total) took up positions to defend the palace
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14
Q

What happened during the 10th Aug Journee and how many were killed ?

A
  • The crowds were able to surge in to the courtyard and the first building
  • A shot was fired which provoked a 2 hour long battle
  • 1,000 SC/federes were killed or wounded
  • Nearly all the Swiss Guard were killed
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15
Q

What happened in the aftermath of the Journee 10th August 1792 ?

A
  • Paris commune removed the King and Royal family to Temple prison
  • Carefully avoided a proclamation to dispose the King / declare a republic and instead declared him temporarily suspended
  • Issued a decree to end the distinction between active and passive citizens
  • New convention elected by all men over 25 was promised
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16
Q

Who was made minister of Justice, what did he do and what did this show ?

A
  • Danton (he was a SC favourite and suggests they held considerable influence)
  • Set up a committee of ministers to take executive power until new elections were held
  • All laws on which Louis exercised his suspensory veto would immediately come in to force
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17
Q

What was set up in August 1792 ?

A
  • 17th August 1792 : A special tribunal was set up to prosecute traitors
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18
Q

What happened to refectory priests in August ?

A
  • 26th August 1792 : Refectory priests given 2 weeks to leave the country voluntarily or face deportation to French Guyana
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19
Q

How did Lafayette respond to the aftermath of the 10th August Journee ?

A
  • Marched to Paris to restore the constitution but failed to attract support
  • 19th August he defected to the Austrians
  • Replaced by Dumouriez
20
Q

How did the peasants influence the policy of the assembly following the 10th Aug journee ?

A
  • To reduce their agitation, all compensation to former seigneurs which were demanded following the August decrees were cancelled
21
Q

When did news reach Paris that Longwy had fallen to the enemy ?

A
  • 25th August 1792
22
Q

When did news reach Paris that Verdun was under siege and how was this significant ?

A
  • 1st sept 1792
  • It was the last fortress blocking the way to the capital
  • Brunswick was expected to reach Paris in two weeks
23
Q

What was happening at the same time as the siege of Verdun ?

A
  • Royalist rising in Verdun where 200 were killed in a conflict between the Vendeeans and the patriot
24
Q

What did Danton do following the news of Verdun in order to reduce panic ?

A
  • 30th Aug 1792 : Authorised house-searches for weapons hidden + over the next 2 days all houses were searched and 3,000 were taken to prison
  • 2nd Sept 1792 : Launched a levee, enforcing conscription, on the pain of death
25
Q

What did people fear that led to the September massacres ?

A
  • Fears of traitors in Paris, aristocratic plots and enemy armies who might massacre the patriot’s families while their menfolk went to war
26
Q

How many people were killed over how many days in the September massacres ?

A
  • 1,000-1,500 prisoners in Parisian gaols were massacred in an orgy of blood letting
  • 5 days starting on the 2nd Sept 1792
27
Q

Who was killed in the September massacres ?

A
  • First attack was on refectory priests but massacres spread to include political prisoners and ordinary criminals (including women and children in a reform prison)
  • Largely spontaneous
28
Q

How did the commune, national guard and individuals such as Marat encourage violence before/during the September massacres ?

A
  • Marat : 19th Aug 1792 - Published an article suggesting all traitors should be put to the sword
  • The assembly did nothing to stop the incitement of violence so similar action took place in the provinces
29
Q

What was the outcome of the September massacres ?

A
  • Fears abroad of the dangers of popular revolution were confirmed
  • Girondin blamed the Jacobins for inciting this behaviour which increased the split
  • Power of the authorities and Assembly were shown to be weak whilst the popularity of the radical leaders increased
30
Q

what fears of moderates were confirmed by the SC during the September massacres ?

A
  • Militant savages

- Called the drinkers of blood ; some actually did and others swallowed gunpowder to keep up their fiery spirits

31
Q

What day did the New convention open and what also happened on this day ?

A
  • 20th Sept 1792

- The French army won a victory at Valmy against Austro-Prussian forces

32
Q

What did the outbreak of the Sept massacres coincide with ?

A
  • 2nd Sept 1792 : second stage of elections for a new National convention
33
Q

What was different about the elections for the National convention ?

A
  • All adult male citizens were given the vote for the first time
  • Voter turnout was low so the widening of the electorate had little impact
34
Q

In Paris what was the impact of the September massacres on the convention elections ?

A
  • No Girondin were elected due to their hostility to the commune and the SC (tried to exploit the need for a return to stability - under their leadership - through their newspaper)
  • In Paris : Robespierre, Marat, Danton and Desmoulins were elected
35
Q

Outside Paris who was elected to the convention ?

A
  • Returned the same men active citizens had chosen in 1791
36
Q

Who did the Girondin become ?

A
  • The Montagnards
37
Q

How can it be argued that the economic situation was the reason for the collapse of CM ?

A
  • France was at war which was costly and further increased debts that Louis inherited eg the American revolution cost 1.3 billion livres
38
Q

How can it be argued that the Revolutionary Journees of June and August 1792 caused the collapse of CM ?

A
  • 20th June : 8,000 marched to Tuileries and demanded Louis to withdraw his vetoes (Demands not met)
  • 10th Aug : 20,000 SC marched to Tuileries which resulted in the suspension of Louis and serious questions raised over LXVI’s commitment to constitutional monarchy
39
Q

How can it be argued that the influence of the SC was the main cause of the collapse of CM ?

A
  • Danton was made Minister of Justice (August 1792) + he was a SC favourite who was radical + was an attempt to appease the SC
  • September Massacres where 1,000-1,500 prisoners were killed (highlighted the weaknesses of the Assembly and heightened the popularity of radical leaders)
40
Q

How can it be argued that defeats in war and military context were the main cause of the collapse of CM ?

A
  • Brunswick Manifesto (25th July 1792) threatened that if the French Royal Family were harmed then French citizens would also be harmed + this added fuel to the fire in favour of abolishing CM
  • 2nd Sept 1792 : Prussians take Verdun which directly led to the September massacres, radicalisation of the SC and paranoia
41
Q

How can it be argued that the influence of the Paris Commune was the biggest cause of the collapse of CM ?

A
  • July 1789-Sept 1791 : Members were largely Bourgeoisie constitutional monarchists
  • Following 10th Aug 1792, there was a Jacobin majority
  • The commune became increasingly radical and wanted to abolish CM
42
Q

How can it be argued that the September massacres were the main cause behind the collapse of CM ?

A
  • Sept 1792 : 1,000-1,500 prisoners were killed by SC
  • The power of the Assembly was seen as weak and the popularity of radical leader such as Danton increased as they allowed the attacks to happen and escalated events
43
Q

How can it be argued that the politics of the Legislative Assembly and National convention were the largest cause behind the collapse of CM ?

A
  • 2nd Sept 1792 : Elections for the new National Convention resulted in no Girondin candidates selected for the Paris sections and the favourites being Robespierre, Danton and Marat
  • Radical leaders who supported the abolition of monarchy started to gain popularity and it also shows the influence of the SC
44
Q

What decrees did Louis use his suspensory vetoes against ? (3)

A
  • 27th May 1792 : against the deportation of refectory priests
  • 29th May 1792 : Against the disbanding of Louis’s army
  • 8th June 1792 : Against the setting up of federe camps
45
Q

How can it be argued that the actions of Louis were the main cause for the collapse of CM ?

A
  • Louis engaged in secret correspondence with his brothers and MA wrote to Count Ferson and Leopold
  • 13th June 1792 Louis dismissed his entire ministry (continued to undermine CM and the assembly)
  • 20/21st June 1791 : Flight to Varennes (cast doubts over the Kings sincerity and willingness to make CM work)

v French revolution 2 : Constitutional monarchy (4 decks)

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