Sanitation & public health Flashcards
1
Q
Draw the water cycle
A
.
2
Q
Concerns of travellers?
A
If water is safe to drink
3
Q
What causes travellers to become ill when drinking water on holiday?
A
Pathogens in water are foreign to immune systems
4
Q
Why do travellers become ill but locals not?
A
Have adapted to local water supply
5
Q
Caveat with locals drinking potentially unsafe?
A
If they come into contact with threshold level of bacteria will become ill regardless
6
Q
Why can drinking too much water be a negative thing?
A
Salts in body diluted
7
Q
Public Health definition?
A
The means of protecting & improving community health
(Association of Schools of Public Health, 2011)
8
Q
Sanitation definition?
A
Provision of facilities & services for safe human urine & faeces disposal
(WHO, 2011)
9
Q
Link between water, public health, sanitation & sewage?
A
Public health is the organized activity, from which sanitation grows, from which sewage grows
10
Q
Bristol Stool Chart/Scale?
A
Type 1 - 7
Severe constipation to severe diarrhoea
11
Q
What is the approximate conversion between need for male or female toilets?
A
Females require 3 toilets for every male toilet
12
Q
Which ancient civilisation had advanced systems for drinking water & waste collection?
A
Romans
13
Q
Which diseases were rife in the middle ages due to primitive sanitation systems? (3)
A
black plague, cholera, typhoid
14
Q
Mudlark?
A
children looked for metals/coins - could drown
15
Q
Which job in 1800s London led to rag’n’bone trade?
A
scavenger
16
Q
Riverman?
A
collected money/clothes from dead bodies
17
Q
Toshers?
A
went down sewers - most immune to disease so richest
18
Q
Characteristics of public health in Greco-Roman world? (3)
A
- Diptheria
- Malaria (‘Roman Fever’)
- Hippocrates (“father of medicine”)
19
Q
Characteristics of public health in middle ages? (3)
A
- early urban sanitation
- pandemics
- community hospitals commissioned
20
Q
Example of early urban sanitation in middle ages?
A
Pompeii
21
Q
Example of pandemics in middle ages?
A
Black Death (1347 - 1351)
22
Q
Example of community hospitals in middle ages?
A
Milan, 1456
23
Q
Characteristics of public health during mercantilism & absolutism? (3)
A
- new diseases
- foundations of Public Health Administration
- street cleaning & drainage improvements
24
Q
Example of disease during mercantilism & absolutism?
A
smallpox, typhus, scurvy
25
Dates for mercantilism & absolutism?
1500 - 1750
26
Dates for middle ages?
500 - 1500
27
Characteristics of public health during the revolution of human health? (3)
- national policies
- coal & iron industries
- fever hospitals & dispensaries
28
Example of policies formed during revolution of human health?
Russian national health policy, 1763
29
Dates for revolution of human health?
1750 - 1830
30
Characteristics of public health for 18th century England? (3)
- social conscience developed
- great unwashed move to town
- no sanitation [alcohol drank instead of water]
31
Dates for 4 cholera epidemics in Britain?
- 1831/2
- 1848/9
- 1853/4
- 1866/7
32
Number of deaths for the 4 cholera epidemics in Britain?
- 32,000
- 62,000
- 20,000
- 14,000
33
Contagionist theory?
cholera spread via contact with victims
34
Miasmic theory?
spread by "miasma of filth" breathed from infected air
35
What were the ointments used to treat cholera made of?
Wine, vinegar, camphor, mustard, pepper, garlic, crushed beetles
36
What non-medicinal treatment was used for the cholera outbreaks?
Prayer
36
Apart from ointments, which other medication was used to treat cholera?
Patent medicines - universal mixture/elixir
37
During which years did the population of Britain double?
1801 - 1851
37
Which key connection for sanitation had not yet been made in the 19th century?
Between dirt & disease
38
Which diseases were rife in Britain during the 19th century?
Influenza/scarlet fever/tuberculosis/measles/typhoid/diarrhoea/smallpox
39
Which disease did Prince Albert die of at 42?
typhoid fever
40
Dr John Snow? (4)
- convinced cholera was water-borne
- traced Broad Street outbreak to pump
- convinced authorities to lock pump, causing deaths to fall
- pump dismantled, was 3 feet from bacteria leaking cesspit
41
Dr John Snow dates?
1880s (1813 - 58)
42
Date of Broad Street cholera outbreak?
1854
43
Broad Street cholera outbreak? (5)
- London's Soho District
- growing population
- poor sanitation, pumped into Thames
- 616 died
- 3/4 fled
44
Sir Edwin Chadwick? (2)
- leadership in reforming Poor Laws
- major reforms in urban sanitation & public health
45
Sir Edwin Chadwick dates?
1800s
(1800 - 1890)
46
Who implemented the world's first integrated sewerage system?
James Newlands
47
When was the world's first integrated sewerage system implemented?
1848
48
Dates for industrialism?
1830 - 1875
49
Key characteristics of Public Health during industrialism? (3)
- environmental & human health pressures
- Poor Law commissioners' London sanitation surveys led to Health of Towns Commission & General Board of Health
- international sanitation conferences
50
Example of international sanitation conference during industrialism?
- Austria, 1874
51
Date for Bacteriological era & aftermath?
1875 - present
52
Key characteristics of Public Health during bacteriological era & aftermath?
- "germ theory"
- widespread use of antiseptics
- major sewage system improvements
- NHS
- more public health acts since 1936 act
53
When was the NHS formed?
1948
54
When was the original Public Health Act formed?
1936
55
Key stats from UN Millennium Development Goals Report (2015)? (2)
- ~663 mil people worldwide use unimproved drinking water sources
- 2.4 billion using unimproved sanitation facilities
56
Examples of unimproved drinking water sources?
unprotected wells/springs/surface water
57
Qualities of improved sanitation? (4)
- flush/pour-flush to piped sewer system/septic tank/pit latrine
- ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine
- pit latrine with slab
- composting toiler
58
Qualities of unimproved sanitation? (6)
- flush/pour-flush to anywhere not piped sewer system/septic tank/pit latrine
- open pit latrine/no slab
- bucket
- hanging toilet/latrine
- shared facilities
- no facilities/bush/field
59
Qualities of improved drinking water? (6)
- piped water into dwelling/yard/plot
- public tap/standpipe
- tubewell/borehole
- protected dug well
- protected spring
- rainwater collection
60
Qualities of unimproved drinking water? (6)
- unprotected dug well
- unprotected spring
- cart w/ small tank/drum
- tanker truck
- surface water
- bottled water
61
Example of surface water?
river/dam/lake/pond/stream/canal/irrigation channel
62
2017 UN Sustainable Development Goals Report on open defecation in 2015?
- 892 mil still practiced it
63
2017 UN Sustainable Development Goals Report on water stress?
> 2 billion people affected by water stress
64
Regions that experienced water stress levels >60%?
N. Africa, W./C./S. Asia
65
Stages of modern water supply? (7)
- water source
- flocculants
- sedimentation
- filtration
- disinfection
- storage
- home & businesses
66
Flocculants?
- added to water to cause dirt & other particles to stick together
67
Sedimentation?
- particles sink to bottom of tank
68
Filtration?
- removes small particles with layers of sand, gravel & charcoal
69
Disinfection?
- kills harmful organisms
70
3 modern outbreaks of cholera?
- Haiti, 2010
- Yemen, 2017
- Kenya, since 2014 [continuous]
71
How is cholera transmitted?
by food/water
72
Since when has cholera been globally reappearing?
1950
73
Which environmental factor presents ideal conditions for spread of cholera?
increasing floods & dry periods
74
Cause of cholera?
poor sanitation effects
75
Sewage definition?
oxygen demanding mixture of inorganic & organic solids in solution/suspension
76
Examples of liquid domestic waste? (4)
- human body waste
- excretal matter [faeces/urine]
- domestic wastes [washing/laundry/shower]
- chemical/industry
77
Composition of raw sewage?
99.9% water, 0.1% solids
78
Composition of solids within sewage?
70% organic, 30% inorganic
79
Composition of organic solids within sewage?
Protein 65%, Carbs 25%, Fats 10%
VARIES DEPENDING ON DIET
80
Composition of inorganic solids within sewage?
grit, salts, metals
81
Is a Sewer System sewage or sewerage?
sewerage
82
Definition of sewer system?
piped system to transport wastewater from source to treatment facility
83
What does design of sewer system depend on?
- topography
- amount/type of wastewater
- size of community
84
Different types of sewer systems?
- conventional
- separate
- simplified
- solids-free
- pressurised
- vacuum
- channels
85
Supporting elements for sewer systems?
- sewer pumping stations
- transfer stations
86
What are sewer systems ideally driven by?
gravity, as the aim is the lowest amount of energy to move the water
87
General design of sewer systems?
large network of underground pipes, mostly in urban areas
88
What do sewer systems collect?
blackwater, brownwater, greywater, stormwater pipes
89
Brownwater?
raw sewage - toilet/run off drainpipes/baths/shower
90
Stormwater pipes?
collect road runoff
91
3 types of sewer system lines?
- main line [primary]
- branch lines [secondary]
- house laterals [tertiary]
92
Main lines?
centre of system, all lines empty into
93
Branch lines?
extend from main
94
House laterals?
bring wastewater from houses to branch lines
95
When are assisting sewer pumping stations necessary?
depending on topography
96
Why must sewer systems have a "self-cleansing" velocity?
so no particles accumulate
97
What is fatberg?
build up of fats - hot water, redissolves, cools down & builds up
98
How does fatberg block sewer systems?
increasing pressure, backing up toilet, explodes manhole covers
99
How is fatberg cleaned?
dug out or high pressure hose - no machinery permitted
100
What is the population equivalent of Millbrook WWTW?
> 140,000
101
How much influent does Millbrook WWTW treat?
1 m^3/s
102
Does Millbrook WWTW treat domestic or industrial wastes?
Both
103
Location of Millbrook WWTW?
On coast, within one of UK's busiest dockyards
104
Which indicators does Millbrook WWTW have environmental discharge permits for?
NO3, TSS
105
Different flows within Millbrook WWTW? (3)
- water/treatment
- sludge
- biogas
106
When did the right to free period product become law in Scotland?
2022
107
How many children under five die annually from diarrhoeal diseases caused by poor water/sanitation?
~290,000
