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Water Pollution > Sanitation & public health > Flashcards

Sanitation & public health Flashcards

1
Q

Draw the water cycle

A

.

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2
Q

Concerns of travellers?

A

If water is safe to drink

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3
Q

What causes travellers to become ill when drinking water on holiday?

A

Pathogens in water are foreign to immune systems

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4
Q

Why do travellers become ill but locals not?

A

Have adapted to local water supply

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5
Q

Caveat with locals drinking potentially unsafe?

A

If they come into contact with threshold level of bacteria will become ill regardless

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6
Q

Why can drinking too much water be a negative thing?

A

Salts in body diluted

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7
Q

Public Health definition?

A

The means of protecting & improving community health
(Association of Schools of Public Health, 2011)

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8
Q

Sanitation definition?

A

Provision of facilities & services for safe human urine & faeces disposal
(WHO, 2011)

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9
Q

Link between water, public health, sanitation & sewage?

A

Public health is the organized activity, from which sanitation grows, from which sewage grows

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10
Q

Bristol Stool Chart/Scale?

A

Type 1 - 7
Severe constipation to severe diarrhoea

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11
Q

What is the approximate conversion between need for male or female toilets?

A

Females require 3 toilets for every male toilet

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12
Q

Which ancient civilisation had advanced systems for drinking water & waste collection?

A

Romans

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13
Q

Which diseases were rife in the middle ages due to primitive sanitation systems? (3)

A

black plague, cholera, typhoid

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14
Q

Mudlark?

A

children looked for metals/coins - could drown

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15
Q

Which job in 1800s London led to rag’n’bone trade?

A

scavenger

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16
Q

Riverman?

A

collected money/clothes from dead bodies

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17
Q

Toshers?

A

went down sewers - most immune to disease so richest

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18
Q

Characteristics of public health in Greco-Roman world? (3)

A
  • Diptheria
  • Malaria (‘Roman Fever’)
  • Hippocrates (“father of medicine”)
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19
Q

Characteristics of public health in middle ages? (3)

A
  • early urban sanitation
  • pandemics
  • community hospitals commissioned
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20
Q

Example of early urban sanitation in middle ages?

A

Pompeii

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21
Q

Example of pandemics in middle ages?

A

Black Death (1347 - 1351)

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22
Q

Example of community hospitals in middle ages?

A

Milan, 1456

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23
Q

Characteristics of public health during mercantilism & absolutism? (3)

A
  • new diseases
  • foundations of Public Health Administration
  • street cleaning & drainage improvements
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24
Q

Example of disease during mercantilism & absolutism?

A

smallpox, typhus, scurvy

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25
Q

Dates for mercantilism & absolutism?

A

1500 - 1750

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26
Q

Dates for middle ages?

A

500 - 1500

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27
Q

Characteristics of public health during the revolution of human health? (3)

A
  • national policies
  • coal & iron industries
  • fever hospitals & dispensaries
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28
Q

Example of policies formed during revolution of human health?

A

Russian national health policy, 1763

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29
Q

Dates for revolution of human health?

A

1750 - 1830

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30
Q

Characteristics of public health for 18th century England? (3)

A
  • social conscience developed
  • great unwashed move to town
  • no sanitation [alcohol drank instead of water]
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31
Q

Dates for 4 cholera epidemics in Britain?

A
  • 1831/2
  • 1848/9
  • 1853/4
  • 1866/7
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32
Q

Number of deaths for the 4 cholera epidemics in Britain?

A
  • 32,000
  • 62,000
  • 20,000
  • 14,000
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33
Q

Contagionist theory?

A

cholera spread via contact with victims

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34
Q

Miasmic theory?

A

spread by “miasma of filth” breathed from infected air

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35
Q

What were the ointments used to treat cholera made of?

A

Wine, vinegar, camphor, mustard, pepper, garlic, crushed beetles

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36
Q

What non-medicinal treatment was used for the cholera outbreaks?

A

Prayer

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36
Q

Apart from ointments, which other medication was used to treat cholera?

A

Patent medicines - universal mixture/elixir

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37
Q

During which years did the population of Britain double?

A

1801 - 1851

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37
Q

Which key connection for sanitation had not yet been made in the 19th century?

A

Between dirt & disease

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38
Q

Which diseases were rife in Britain during the 19th century?

A

Influenza/scarlet fever/tuberculosis/measles/typhoid/diarrhoea/smallpox

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39
Q

Which disease did Prince Albert die of at 42?

A

typhoid fever

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40
Q

Dr John Snow? (4)

A
  • convinced cholera was water-borne
  • traced Broad Street outbreak to pump
  • convinced authorities to lock pump, causing deaths to fall
  • pump dismantled, was 3 feet from bacteria leaking cesspit
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41
Q

Dr John Snow dates?

A

1880s (1813 - 58)

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42
Q

Date of Broad Street cholera outbreak?

A

1854

43
Q

Broad Street cholera outbreak? (5)

A
  • London’s Soho District
  • growing population
  • poor sanitation, pumped into Thames
  • 616 died
  • 3/4 fled
44
Q

Sir Edwin Chadwick? (2)

A
  • leadership in reforming Poor Laws
  • major reforms in urban sanitation & public health
45
Q

Sir Edwin Chadwick dates?

A

1800s
(1800 - 1890)

46
Q

Who implemented the world’s first integrated sewerage system?

A

James Newlands

47
Q

When was the world’s first integrated sewerage system implemented?

A

1848

48
Q

Dates for industrialism?

A

1830 - 1875

49
Q

Key characteristics of Public Health during industrialism? (3)

A
  • environmental & human health pressures
  • Poor Law commissioners’ London sanitation surveys led to Health of Towns Commission & General Board of Health
  • international sanitation conferences
50
Q

Example of international sanitation conference during industrialism?

A
  • Austria, 1874
51
Q

Date for Bacteriological era & aftermath?

A

1875 - present

52
Q

Key characteristics of Public Health during bacteriological era & aftermath?

A
  • “germ theory”
  • widespread use of antiseptics
  • major sewage system improvements
  • NHS
  • more public health acts since 1936 act
53
Q

When was the NHS formed?

A

1948

54
Q

When was the original Public Health Act formed?

A

1936

55
Q

Key stats from UN Millennium Development Goals Report (2015)? (2)

A
  • ~663 mil people worldwide use unimproved drinking water sources
  • 2.4 billion using unimproved sanitation facilities
56
Q

Examples of unimproved drinking water sources?

A

unprotected wells/springs/surface water

57
Q

Qualities of improved sanitation? (4)

A
  • flush/pour-flush to piped sewer system/septic tank/pit latrine
  • ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine
  • pit latrine with slab
  • composting toiler
58
Q

Qualities of unimproved sanitation? (6)

A
  • flush/pour-flush to anywhere not piped sewer system/septic tank/pit latrine
  • open pit latrine/no slab
  • bucket
  • hanging toilet/latrine
  • shared facilities
  • no facilities/bush/field
59
Q

Qualities of improved drinking water? (6)

A
  • piped water into dwelling/yard/plot
  • public tap/standpipe
  • tubewell/borehole
  • protected dug well
  • protected spring
  • rainwater collection
60
Q

Qualities of unimproved drinking water? (6)

A
  • unprotected dug well
  • unprotected spring
  • cart w/ small tank/drum
  • tanker truck
  • surface water
  • bottled water
61
Q

Example of surface water?

A

river/dam/lake/pond/stream/canal/irrigation channel

62
Q

2017 UN Sustainable Development Goals Report on open defecation in 2015?

A
  • 892 mil still practiced it
63
Q

2017 UN Sustainable Development Goals Report on water stress?

A

> 2 billion people affected by water stress

64
Q

Regions that experienced water stress levels >60%?

A

N. Africa, W./C./S. Asia

65
Q

Stages of modern water supply? (7)

A
  • water source
  • flocculants
  • sedimentation
  • filtration
  • disinfection
  • storage
  • home & businesses
66
Q

Flocculants?

A
  • added to water to cause dirt & other particles to stick together
67
Q

Sedimentation?

A
  • particles sink to bottom of tank
68
Q

Filtration?

A
  • removes small particles with layers of sand, gravel & charcoal
69
Q

Disinfection?

A
  • kills harmful organisms
70
Q

3 modern outbreaks of cholera?

A
  • Haiti, 2010
  • Yemen, 2017
  • Kenya, since 2014 [continuous]
71
Q

How is cholera transmitted?

A

by food/water

72
Q

Since when has cholera been globally reappearing?

A

1950

73
Q

Which environmental factor presents ideal conditions for spread of cholera?

A

increasing floods & dry periods

74
Q

Cause of cholera?

A

poor sanitation effects

75
Q

Sewage definition?

A

oxygen demanding mixture of inorganic & organic solids in solution/suspension

76
Q

Examples of liquid domestic waste? (4)

A
  • human body waste
  • excretal matter [faeces/urine]
  • domestic wastes [washing/laundry/shower]
  • chemical/industry
77
Q

Composition of raw sewage?

A

99.9% water, 0.1% solids

78
Q

Composition of solids within sewage?

A

70% organic, 30% inorganic

79
Q

Composition of organic solids within sewage?

A

Protein 65%, Carbs 25%, Fats 10%
VARIES DEPENDING ON DIET

80
Q

Composition of inorganic solids within sewage?

A

grit, salts, metals

81
Q

Is a Sewer System sewage or sewerage?

A

sewerage

82
Q

Definition of sewer system?

A

piped system to transport wastewater from source to treatment facility

83
Q

What does design of sewer system depend on?

A
  • topography
  • amount/type of wastewater
  • size of community
84
Q

Different types of sewer systems?

A
  • conventional
  • separate
  • simplified
  • solids-free
  • pressurised
  • vacuum
  • channels
85
Q

Supporting elements for sewer systems?

A
  • sewer pumping stations
  • transfer stations
86
Q

What are sewer systems ideally driven by?

A

gravity, as the aim is the lowest amount of energy to move the water

87
Q

General design of sewer systems?

A

large network of underground pipes, mostly in urban areas

88
Q

What do sewer systems collect?

A

blackwater, brownwater, greywater, stormwater pipes

89
Q

Brownwater?

A

raw sewage - toilet/run off drainpipes/baths/shower

90
Q

Stormwater pipes?

A

collect road runoff

91
Q

3 types of sewer system lines?

A
  • main line [primary]
  • branch lines [secondary]
  • house laterals [tertiary]
92
Q

Main lines?

A

centre of system, all lines empty into

93
Q

Branch lines?

A

extend from main

94
Q

House laterals?

A

bring wastewater from houses to branch lines

95
Q

When are assisting sewer pumping stations necessary?

A

depending on topography

96
Q

Why must sewer systems have a “self-cleansing” velocity?

A

so no particles accumulate

97
Q

What is fatberg?

A

build up of fats - hot water, redissolves, cools down & builds up

98
Q

How does fatberg block sewer systems?

A

increasing pressure, backing up toilet, explodes manhole covers

99
Q

How is fatberg cleaned?

A

dug out or high pressure hose - no machinery permitted

100
Q

What is the population equivalent of Millbrook WWTW?

A

> 140,000

101
Q

How much influent does Millbrook WWTW treat?

A

1 m^3/s

102
Q

Does Millbrook WWTW treat domestic or industrial wastes?

A

Both

103
Q

Location of Millbrook WWTW?

A

On coast, within one of UK’s busiest dockyards

104
Q

Which indicators does Millbrook WWTW have environmental discharge permits for?

A

NO3, TSS

105
Q

Different flows within Millbrook WWTW? (3)

A
  • water/treatment
  • sludge
  • biogas
106
Q

When did the right to free period product become law in Scotland?

A

2022

107
Q

How many children under five die annually from diarrhoeal diseases caused by poor water/sanitation?

A

~290,000

Water Pollution (7 decks)

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