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Water Pollution > Biological Pollutants > Flashcards

Biological Pollutants Flashcards

1
Q

Why are invasive species important?

A

Considered to be 2nd greatest threat to global biodiversity after habitat loss
[Earth Summit, Rio Convention 1992]

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2
Q

Where are invasive species the greatest threat to biodiversity?

A

On islands

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3
Q

Most threatened ecosystem?

A

Marine

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4
Q

What is the process behind Streelman & Danley’s (2003) speciation & adaptive radiation?

A

Major habitat diversification -> trophic diversification -> sexual selection

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5
Q

Endemic fish to the three East African lakes?

A

Cichlid family

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6
Q

Major habitat diversification for Cichlids?

A

Rock dwelling mbunas, group in sandy environments, pelagic genera

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7
Q

What is the difference between the different Cichlid clades?

A

Morphology and feeding preferences

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8
Q

Trophic diversification for cichlids?

A

directional selection on oral jaw

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9
Q

Sexual selection for cichlids?

A

species-assortative mate choice when colour visible, otherwise largest

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10
Q

Invasive fish species in Lake Victoria?

A

Nile Perch

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11
Q

When was Nile Perch introduced to Lake Victoria?

A

1950s

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12
Q

How many cichlid species went extinct as a result of Nile Perch?

A

200

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13
Q

Why was the Nile Perch introduced to Lake Victoria?

A

To improve fishery success

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14
Q

What % of biomass in Lake Victoria is the Nile Perch

A

> 90%

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15
Q

When was the Nile Perch population boom?

A

1980s

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16
Q

Which bordering country enforces controls on exploitation?

A

Uganda

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17
Q

When was the rubber boom in the Amazon?

A

1879 - 1912

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18
Q

Positives of the rubber boom?

A

Generated wealth, transformed culture and society

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19
Q

Negatives of rubber boom?

A

Increase in European colonization, damaged indigenous society

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20
Q

Which city did the rubber boom largely increase?

A

Manaus

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21
Q

What caused the end of the rubber boom?

A

Import of rubber seeds from Brazil to Royal Botanical Gardens - started industrial rubber industry in Malaya [British Empire]

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22
Q

What determines a species to be invasive rather than non-native? (4)

A

Establishes/reproduces successfully, spreads efficiently, high likelihood to harm economy/other species/humans

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23
Q

Definition for invasive species?

A

Alien species which becomes established in an ecosystem, is an agent of change, and threatens native biological diversity
(International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 2000)

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24
Q

When was New Zealand pygmyweed introduced in England?

A

1927

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25
Q

When did New Zealand pygmyweed spread in England?

A

1956

26
Q

What is the unique characteristic about New Zealand pygmyweed?

A

Grows during night, blanketing other vegetation

27
Q

Why does New Zealand pygmyweed grow during night?

A

Adapted to hot conditions in New Zealand

28
Q

How many non-native species have been introduced to the US?

A

> 50,000

29
Q

Direct impacts of invasive species? (5)

A

Disease, predation, hybridization, parasitism, interference competition

30
Q

Indirect impacts of invasive species (3)

A

Habitat alteration, economic loss, scramble competition

31
Q

What do the ecological impacts of non-native species depend on? (3)

A

The invading species, invasion extent, vulnerability of ecosystem

32
Q

Which non-native species threatens the survival of Scottish seabirds?

A

European hedgehog

33
Q

When was European hedgehog introduced to Outer Hebrides?

A

1974

34
Q

Why was European hedgehog introduced to Outer Hebrides?

A

To increase biodiversity

35
Q

How are European hedgehogs causing population decline for Scottish seabirds?

A

Eating their eggs
(The Independent, 2001: London)

36
Q

What misconception was made about European hedgehogs before their introduction?

A

They are strict insectivores with no effect on fauna
(The Independent, 2001: London)

37
Q

Which invasive species is predating on the chicks of seabirds on Gough island?

A

House mice

38
Q

When were house mice introduced to Gough island?

A

19th Century

39
Q

How were house mice introduced to Gough island?

A

Sealing ships which moored up

40
Q

What differentiates house mice on Gough island from regular house mice?

A

Larger size

41
Q

Why are house mice bigger on Gough island?

A

Bigger on islands & at higher latitudes - cold environments [Bergman’s rule]

42
Q

When was Ruffe introduced into Loch Lomond?

A

1982

43
Q

Population (caught on trash screens) change in Ruffe 1982 - 1985?

A

8% to 76%

44
Q

Native fish of Loch Lomond?

A

Powan

45
Q

Common predators found in Loch Lomond?

A

Pike and Grey heron

46
Q

What did the introduction of ruffe cause in terms of predation pressure on adult powan?

A

Decline

47
Q

What did introduction of ruffe cause in terms of population pressure on powan eggs?

A

Increase

48
Q

Examples of predation as impacts of invasive species? (3)

A

European hedgehogs, house mice, ruffe

49
Q

When were rhododendrons introduced to Victorian Ornamental Gardens?

A

1800s

50
Q

What are the impacts of rhododendrons? (2)

A

Produce dense thickets where nothing else can survive
Thick leaf canopy allowing little light through

51
Q

Which habitats can rhododendrons invade?

A

Woodlands, heath, grasslands & sand dunes

52
Q

When was Himalayan balsam introduced to Britain?

A

1839

53
Q

When did Himalayan balsam become established?

A

1855

54
Q

Impacts of Himalayan balsam? (4)

A

Grows in dense clumps - preventing light reaching shorter plants
Stops grasses from growing - increases risk of riverbanks washing away
When die in autumn, leave bare patches of soil - more easily washed away by rain
Produces more nectar than native European species - lures pollinating species away

55
Q

Methods to decrease Himalayan balsam populations?

A

Cutting, pulling up plants by hand, applying herbicides

56
Q

Problem with managing Himalayan balsam?

A

Must not be disturbed whilst fruiting - explosive pods spread seeds

57
Q

Positive for Himalayan balsam seeds?

A

Cannot say dormant in soil for long - can be reduced in short period

58
Q

Examples of competitive impacts of non-native species? (2)

A

Rhododendrons and Himalayan balsam

59
Q

How are feral pigs introduced to new habitats?

A

Escaped or released from domestic life

60
Q

Impacts of feral pigs? (6)

A

Uproot plants with leaves or stems
Open tree-fern trunks (Griffin, 1977)
Consumption of fruits of invasive weed, distribute seeds through droppings
Predators of seabirds
Affect agricultural crops - sugar cane
Spread disease

61
Q

Management of feral pigs?

A

Hunting with dogs, poisoning

62
Q
A

Water Pollution (7 decks)

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