Sanders Chapter 10 - Abnormal Liver Function Tests COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of inorganic phosphate. Elevated with biliary obstruction.

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

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2
Q

Enzyme involved in protein metabolism. Increased in alcoholic hepatitis, jaundice, and cirrhosis. Formerly called serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).

A

ALT. Alanine aminotransferase

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3
Q

The point at which the common bile duct and pancreatic ducts enter the duodenum.

A

Ampulla of Vater

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4
Q

Enzyme involved in synthesis of amino acids. Elevated in acute hepatitis and cirrhosis. Formerly called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) .

A

AST. Aspartate aminotransferase

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5
Q

Progressive obliteration of the extrahepatic and proximal intrahepatic bile ducts, as well as the gallbladder. Usually diagnosed within the first 2 weeks of life.

A

Biliary Atresia

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6
Q

Yellowish pigment in bile formed by red blood cell breakdown. Increases with hepatic disorders in which metabolism is impaired, such as cirrhosis or hepatitis. Also increases with obstructive disease such as gallstones.

A

Bilirubin

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7
Q

excreted in urine.

A

Direct (conjugated ) bilirubin

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8
Q

calculated by subtracting the direct value from the total.

A

indirect (unconjugated)

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9
Q

The extrahepatic portal vein becomes thrombosed and is replaced by numerous collateral veins in the porta hepatis.

A

Cavernous Transformation of the Portal Vein

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10
Q

A malignant neoplasm arising from the bile ducts.

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

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11
Q

Congenital dilatation of the common bile duct. Usually found in children but may not be diagnosed until adulthood.

A

Choledochal Cyst

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12
Q

Stones in the biliary tree.

A

Choledocholithiasis

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13
Q

Progressive hepatocellular disease . Common causes include excessive alcohol or drug use and viral infection, although there are many other etiologies . May result in fibrosis , jaundice, portal hypertension, and liver failure.

A

Cirrhosis

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14
Q

Also called varices. Dilated veins that occur with portal hypertension. Seen principally in the region of the porta hepatis, pancreas, and splenic hilum.

A

Collaterals

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15
Q

Portion of the biliary duct formed by the confluence of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct.

A

Common Bile Duct

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16
Q

Portion of the biliary duct formed by the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts.

A

Common Hepatic Duct

17
Q

Vein that arises from the splenic vein in the midline and courses superior and to the left. Becomes dilated in the setting of portal hypertension.

A

Coronary Vein

18
Q

Enlarged, palpable gallbladder. Results from distal obstruction of the common bile duct (CBD) secondary to a pancreatic head mass.

A

Courvoisier Gallbladder

19
Q

Drains the gallbladder. Joins the common hepatic duct to form the CBD.

A

Cystic Duct

20
Q

Infiltration of hepatocytes by lipids. Eventually results in fat cells being surrounded by fibrous material. Common causes include hepatitis, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and pregnancy. May be focal or diffuse.

A

Fatty Infiltration

21
Q

Biliary enzyme that increases with obstructive jaundice and liver disease.

A

GGT, Gamma glutamyl transferase

22
Q

Fibrous membrane that surrounds the liver, as well as the portal triads within the liver.

A

Glisson’s Capsule

23
Q

Disease process in which large quantities of glycogen are abnormally deposited within the liver, resulting in fatty infiltration and tumors.

A

Glycogen Storage Disease

24
Q

Anemia resulting from destruction of red blood cells. Either congenital or acquired from a variety of causes including various infections.

A

Hemolytic Anemia

25
Q

Inflammation of the liver due to viral infection or less commonly, autoimmune disease. May be acute or may become chronic after an acute episode.

A

Hepatitis

26
Q

Diffuse disease affecting the liver parenchyma such as cirrhosis, fatty infiltration , or hepatitis.

A

Hepatocellular Disease

27
Q

Portal vein flow away from the liver. This pattern can be seen in patients with severe portal hypertension.

A

Hepatofugal

28
Q

Normal portal vein flow, toward the liver.

A

Hepatopetal

29
Q

Yellow pigmentation of the skin due to excessive bilirubin accumulation. Usually secondary to liver or biliary disease.

A

Jaundice (Icterus)

30
Q

A type of cholangiocarcinoma, an adenocarcinoma of the common hepatic duct bifurcation.

A

Klatskin Tumor

31
Q

Enzyme that catalyses the formation and removal of lactate. Elevated with liver disease.

A

LDH. Lactic dehydrogenase

32
Q

Transverse fissure on the visceral surface of the liver in which the CBD, proper hepatic artery, and main portal vein (MPV) run alongside each other as they leave or enter the liver.

A

Porta Hepatis

33
Q

Increased portal venous pressure usually secondary to liver disease (most commonly cirrhosis); leads to dilatation of the portal vein with splenic and superior mesenteric vein enlargement, splenomegaly, and formation of collaterals. Can also be caused by portal or splenic vein thrombosis.

A

Portal Hypertension

34
Q

Portal vein, hepatic artery, biliary duct. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Autoimmune disease resulting in irreversible destruction of the liver and bile ducts.

A

Portal Triad

35
Q

Regenerating areas of hepatocytes surrounded by fibrotic septa.

A

Regenerating Nodule

36
Q

Annular sheath of muscle contracting around the ampulla of Vater.

A

Sphincter of Oddi

37
Q

Dilated veins.

A

Varices