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Vector Biology > Sand Flies and Biting Midges > Flashcards

Sand Flies and Biting Midges Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • What is the name “Sand fly” commonly used to describe?
A

o Biting diptera

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2
Q
  • What are ceratopogonidae?
A

o Midges (Diptera)

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3
Q
  • What are simuliidae?
A

o Black flies (Diptera)

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4
Q
  • What are Psychodidae?
A

o Sandflies (Diptera)

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5
Q
  • What is the classification of sand flies?
A

o Order: Diptera
o Sub-order: Nematocera
o Family: Psychodidae
o Subfamily: Phlebotominae

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6
Q
  • How do phlebotominae maneuver?
A

o Cryptic species
o Poor fliers
o Fly close to ground and walls

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7
Q
  • What are the basic characteristics of sandflies that distinguish them from true flies?
A

o 1.5 to 3.5 mm in length
o Large black eyes
o Dense hair covers
o Long, stilt like legs
o When resting, the sand fly will have its wings in a V shape, at a 45-degree angle
o Pigmented pattern on the wings

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8
Q
  • How are the species of sandflies split?
A

o Whether they are found in the old world (Asia, Europe, Africa) or the new world (America, Caribbean, South America)

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9
Q
  • What is the distribution of sandflies?
A

o Locations that maintain a temperature above 15.6 degrees Celsius for at least 3 months
o Sandflies require both humidity and temperature to develop

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10
Q
  • What kind of habitats do sandflies prefer?
A

o Indoors
o Cracks
o Holes
o Termite mounds
o Poultry houses
o Animal burrows
o Caves
o Latrines
o Leaf litter

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11
Q
  • How long is the life cycle of the sandfly?
A

o Pretty long, it takes about 1 to 3 months

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12
Q
  • What kind of life cycle do sandflies have?
A

o Complete metamorphosis-holometabolous

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13
Q
  • What are the life cycle stages of the sandfly?
A

o Egg
o Larvae
o Pupae
o Adult

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14
Q
  • Why is the life cycle of the sandfly different from the mosquito?
A

o The life stages of the sandfly are all terrestrial, unlike the mosquito which must develop in water during the immature stage of life
o Different from other nematoceran flies (mosquitos, crane flies, gnats, black flies, midges)
o The generation time also takes months instead of weeks

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15
Q
  • How many eggs do sandflies lay in a batch?
A

o 30 to 70 eggs are laid individually or in groups of 2 to 3

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16
Q
  • What are the characteristics of sandfly eggs?
A

o Small (0.3 to 0.4 mm)
o Ovoid shape
o Brown or black

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17
Q
  • Since sandfly eggs are not laid in water, does that mean that eggs can withstand desiccation?
A

o No, the eggs require a high humidity to develop. Therefore, they cannot withstand desiccation

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18
Q
  • What are the characteristics of sandfly larvae?
A

o 3 to 6 mm long
o White or grey
o 12 segments
o Well defined black head
o Small mandibles
o Pseudopods (fake foot) on the abdominal segments
o Thick bristles with feathered stems

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19
Q
  • How many stages do sandfly larvae have?
A

o 4 that takes about 20 to 30 days to develop

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20
Q
  • How does the winter affect sandfly larvae?
A

o Sandflies will overwinter and enter a dormant stage

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21
Q
  • What are the characteristics of sandfly pupa?
A

o 2.6 mm in length
o Larval skin will remain attached to the end of the pupa

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22
Q
  • What is the significance of the larval skin still attached to the pupa?
A

o The skin, along with caudal bristles aid in the recognition of phlebotomine pupa

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23
Q
  • at what time of day adult sandflies emerge from the pupa stage?
A

o During darkness, just before dawn

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24
Q
  • What are the characteristics of adult sandflies?
A

o 1.5 to 3.5 mm in length
o Hairy body
o The wings are held at 40 degrees when resting or blood-feeding, in a V-shape
o Long legs

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25
Q
  • How does the sand fly feed?
A

o So, we know that it feeds through blood, therefore, it has a proboscis to feed

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26
Q
  • T/F. Only the female sandfly bites.
A

o True

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27
Q
  • What are the characteristics of the mouthpart for the sandfly?
A

o Short
o Inconspicuous
o Sucks blood
o Females:
 Six broad stylets held in the fleshy labium (labrum, paired mandibles, maxillae, and hypopharynx)
 Mandible and maxillae are toothed distally
o Five segmented palps with an array of sensory setae

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28
Q
  • How do sandflies disperse?
A

o Sandflies are weak fliers, flying (or hopping) close to the ground

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29
Q
  • When do the sandflies feed?
A

o At dusk of night when the temperatures lower and humidity rises

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30
Q
  • When will sandflies bite during the day?
A

o In dark or shaded areas

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31
Q
  • Where are the habitats of sandflies?
A

o Adults will have live near the larval sites, near a host
o The range remains near what is needed for the life cycle such as resting, feeding, and oviposition

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32
Q
  • What kind of sensory cues do sandflies use?
A

o Long- and short-range cues
o Females will release a feeding pheromone from the palps to attract other females

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33
Q
  • What kind of host feeder are sandflies?
A

o Opportunistic feeder

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34
Q
  • Is the main diet of the sandfly blood?
A

o No, both male and females feed on sugar meals for energy
o It is just the female that feeds on blood for egg production (every 5 to 6 days)

35
Q
  • What can influence the feeding activity of the sandfly?
A

o Temperature
o Humidity
o Air movement

36
Q
  • What type of feeding patterns do sandflies have?
A

o Primarily exophagic
o The vectors that transmit leishmaniasis are endophagic

37
Q
  • Compare the mating habits of the sandfly to the mosquito.
A

o The sandfly, unlike most dipteran vectors, do not swarm. Instead, the males will aggregate on a location and conduct a courtship dance while releasing sex pheromones (lekking) to attract females.
o When the female lands, they may mate multiple times while feeding on blood

38
Q
  • When looking for oviposition sites, what do female sandflies look for?
A

o Female sandflies will analyze the temperature, humidity, UV exposure, and available locations
o Oviposition females prefer laying eggs on substrates that have already been used or are full of larvae over fresh substrates

39
Q
  • How do female sandflies know that the area they are about to lay eggs at has been used by other female sandflies?
A

o When a female lays eggs it will deposit a pheromone, dodecanoic acid, on oviposited eggs to attract other eggs

40
Q
  • How long is the gonotrophic cycle of sandflies?
A

o 5 to 8 days

41
Q
  • How many blood meals does a female sandfly require to complete the gonotrophic cycle?
A

o One or more per cycle

42
Q
  • How many times can a female undergo the gonotrophic cycle?
A

o Multiple cycle where 4 is common in the lifespan of sandfly

43
Q
  • What disease are of most concern from sandflies?
A

o Leishmaniasis, a protozoan disease where 70 species have been known to carry it
o Some carry Phlebovirus and other arboviruses
o One vector is known to carry Carrion’s disease

44
Q
  • What are the only natural vectors of Leishmania species?
A

o Phlebotomine sandflies

45
Q
  • For Leishmaniasis to progress in the host, what interactions are required?
A

o The parasite and the host immune system

46
Q
  • What are the clinical forms of Leishmaniasis?
A

o Cutaneous
o Mucocutaneous
o Visceral (most fatal)

47
Q
  • What is the mode of transmission for leishmaniasis?
A

o Cyclopropagative, meaning it develops in the vector and it multiplies

48
Q
  • What is the route of transmission of leishmaniasis?
A

o Regurgitation

49
Q
  • What is the transmission prevention method for leishmania?
A

o This is the relationship between the host and the vector
o The prevention methods include controlling animal reservoirs, IRS, repellents, and education
o For the vector, controls include IVM through insecticides and habitat control

50
Q
  • What is the pathogenicity prevention method for leishmania?
A

o This is the relationship between the vector and pathogen which is controlled by GMO

51
Q
  • What is the susceptibility prevention method for Leishmania?
A

o This is the relationship between the pathogen and the host
o The prevention method is vaccines

52
Q
  • Of the Ceratopogonidae, which species feed on humans?
A

o Culicoides
o Leptocanops
o Forcipomyia
o Austroconops

53
Q
  • What are the common names of ceratopogonidae?
A

o No-see ums
o Punkies
o Sand gnats
o Black gnats
o Flying teeth

54
Q
  • What is the classification of the ceratopogonidae?
A

o Order: Diptera
o Sub-order: Nematocera
o Family: Ceratopogonidae

55
Q
  • In the ceratopogonidae, which vector are we most concerned about medically?
A

o Culicoides

56
Q
  • What characteristics distinguish biting midges from other true flies?
A

o 2 to 4 mm in length
o Hanging female mouthpart
o Venation on membranous wings
o Brown and white spots on the wings
o Wing rest over the body
o Short fore legs

57
Q
  • What is the global distribution of the culicoides?
A

o Culicoides inhabit all large land masses except New Zealand, Iceland, and Hawaii

58
Q
  • What kind of life cycle do the culicoides have?
A

o Complete metamorphosis holometabolous

59
Q
  • What are the four stages of the life cycle in the culicoides?
A

o Egg
o Larvae
o Pupae
o Adult

60
Q
  • How long does the life cycle last for the biting midge?
A

o 14 to 42 days
o The life cycle may last months if climate conditions are poor requiring overwintering

61
Q
  • Where do biting midges lay eggs?
A

o In moist soil
o Immature biting midges require aquatic or semi-aquatic environments so eggs cannot withstand drying out

62
Q
  • How many eggs can a biting midge lay in a single batch?
A

o Up to 450

63
Q
  • How many batches may biting midges lay?
A

o Up to 7 in their lifetime

64
Q
  • During the life cycle, what do the larval instars and pupal stage of the biting midge require?
A

o Moisture

65
Q
  • What happens if during the life cycle climate conditions are poor?
A

o The larvae may overwinter/diapause

66
Q
  • Where will you find immature biting midges?
A

o Aquatic or semi-aquatic environments
o Fresh mud
o Salt or brackish water
o Tree holes
o Damp areas with decaying matter
o Rotting fruit
o Plant holders

67
Q
  • What are the characteristics of biting midge larvae?
A

o Worm-like
o Creamy white
o 2 to 5 mm long
o The first instar has a spine-bearing proleg

68
Q
  • How many instars do biting midge larvae have?
A

o 4

69
Q
  • T/F. Larvae of biting midges are strictly aquatic.
A

o False, larvae are not strictly aquatic or terrestrial. Remember, they can require a semi-aquatic environment. But they do require water, air, and food.

70
Q
  • What are the characteristics of the adult biting midge?
A

o The thorax extends slightly over the head
o The abdomen has 9 segments and is tapered at the end

71
Q
  • What is the activity of the biting midge?
A

o Crepuscular, meaning they are active at twilight, dawn or dusk

72
Q
  • Where do biting midges tend to forage?
A

o Around larval habitats

73
Q
  • What do both male and female biting midges feed on?
A

o Plant juices and sugar secretions

74
Q
  • What do only the female biting midge feed on?
A

o Blood

75
Q
  • How do biting midges feed?
A

o Telmophagy, meaning that biting midges feed on a pool of blood (hence “biting”)

76
Q
  • What hosts do female biting midges prefer to feed on?
A

o Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians
o The biting midges are host specific, but are opportunistic feeders

77
Q
  • What are the feeding and location behaviors of the biting midge?
A

o Endophagic
o Endophilic
o Exophagic
o Exophilic behaviors

78
Q
  • What drives the behavior of biting midges?
A

o Whether the biting midge prefers inside or outside is dependent on the temperature

79
Q
  • What are the mating behaviors of biting midges?
A

o The females, like the mosquitos, will fly into a swarm of males. The males will attach to the female, end to end, to mate
o There are some species that will go to a host where females are feeding. The males will then use a sex attractant that will lure the female to mate after feeding

80
Q
  • What kind of diseases can biting midges (culicoides) transmit?
A

o Viruses
 Oropouche
 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
 Dugbe virus
 Rift valley fever
 Blue tongue virus
o Protozoans
o Filarial nematodes
 Cavity filariasis
 Mild dermatitis
o There are no known bacterial pathogens that can be transmitted by culicoides

81
Q
  • Where does blue virus occur?
A

o On livestock
o This is of medical importance because it can be a huge financial loss to farmers

82
Q
  • What methods are used to prevent transmission of Oropouche?
A

o This is the relationship between the host and the vector
o Methods to reduce transmission include repellents, education, and PPE
o To deter the vector, IVM methods such as insecticides and habitat control are used

83
Q
  • What methods are used to prevent pathogenicity of Oropouche virus?
A

o This is the relationship between the vector and the pathogen
o Sterile insect technique (SIT) or Incompatibility Insect technique (IIT) which create a lethal male dominant (self-killing sterile) population or genetic modification to reduce the population

Vector Biology (4 decks)

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