Mosquitos Flashcards
- What is the classification of mosquitos?
o Domain: Eukarya
o Kingdom: Animalia
o Phylum: Arthropoda
o Class: Insecta
o Order: Diptera
o Family: Culicidae
- What insects are found in the order Diptera?
o Mosquitos
o Midges
o Sand flies
o Blowflies
o House fly
- What are the two primary subfamilies in the order Diptera and the family Culicidae?
o Anophelinae and Culicinae
- Why do we care about the subfamily anophelinae?
o The anopheles are the mosquitos that are clinically important
- What are the Culicinae?
o These are the mosquito species that are everything other than the anopheles, such as aedes and culex
- In the Diptera order, what are the three characteristics that distinguish mosquitos from other true flies?
o A forward projecting proboscis (mouthpart)
o Scales on the thorax, legs, and abdomen, wing veins
o Fringes of scales on hind margin of the wings
- You find an abdomen of an arthropod and it is pictured above, can you deduce whether it is a from a fly or a mosquito?
o Yes, because of the scales, we can tell that this is a mosquito
- Do mature mosquitos live in the same habitat as the immature mosquitos?
o No, immature mosquitos live in aquatic habitats, such as fresh, brackish, sea water, clean and polluted water. Essentially any freshwater habitat that the mosquito can exploit, whether it is man-made or natural
o All immature stages are aquatic
- What is the difference between brackish water and saltwater?
o Brackish water has a slightly higher salinity than freshwater, but not enough to be considered saltwater
- Where on earth will you not find mosquitos?
o Mosquitos are found everywhere, tropical, arctic, high and low elevation
o There are just a few islands and the Antarctic where you will not find mosquitos
- What kind of lifecycle do mosquitos have?
o Complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)
- How many stages are in the mosquito lifecycle?
4
- Discuss the evolutionary adaptions that have permitted mosquitos to survive harsh conditions during the lifecycle.
o Mosquitos can undergo dormancy, or repressed reproduction, or growth suspension to increase survival
o For example, in the winter, when it is cold, the mosquitos will hibernate
- What are the 4 stages of the mosquito lifecycle?
o Eggs
o Larvae
o Pupae
o Adult
- How many eggs will a female mosquito lay?
o Female mosquitos will lay between 30 to 300 eggs depending on the species
- What are the common egg characteristics for mosquitos?
o Eggs are usually brown or black and less than a mm long
- Distinguish the eggs between an anopheles, aedes, and culex.
o Both the anopheles and the aedes will individually lay their eggs, but the anopheles will lay their eggs in water where the eggs may drift and attach to each other. Since the eggs of the anopheles need to float, the eggs will have a float. Conversely, the aedes will lay their eggs above the water-line with no float.
o The culex is different because the eggs are laid in a raft that floats on top of the water, but they also do not have a float
- In your backyard you find a puddle with some eggs. Below is a picture. The eggs were found in the water, what can you deduce about the type of mosquito that laid the eggs?
o This is an anopheles mosquito egg. Notice how the eggs are laid individually with a float. Because there is a float and no raft, we can deduce that it is not a culex. The eggs are in the water indicating that this is not an aedes egg
- You look closer at the pond and find another set of eggs in the water. What kind of mosquito might this be?
o These eggs are not laid individually like the anopheles. Also, these are in the water unlike the eggs of the aedes. Therefore, these are culex eggs.
- Looking above the pond, you see the following eggs stuck to the pond grass. What kind of mosquito laid these eggs?
o The biggest clue is that these are individual eggs laid above the water, meaning that these are aedes eggs
- What determines how long a larvae will develop for?
o The amount of food it takes up. Less food means longer development
- Describe the head of the larval stage.
o The head is weakly sclerotized and is dorsoventrally flattened with palatal brushes used for food filtration
o Sclerotized is similar to the word sclerotium, where the head is slightly hardened
- Describe the thorax of the larval stage in mosquitos.
o The thorax is divided into three segments that look like a single globular structure with notable setae meaning bristles or hairlike structures
- Describe the abdomen of the larval stage.
o The abdomen consists of nine apparent segment
- T/F. The larval stage also has distinct stages.
o True, these stages are called instars and there are 4 of them
- Can mosquito larvae live on land?
o No, they must live in water with an ideal water temperature of 78-82 degrees Fahrenheit
- When looking at the structure of the larvae, how can you tell the difference between the different mosquitos?
o By looking at the end. Culicines (such as culex and aedes) have a siphon at the end with spiracles as breathing holes at the tip
o Anophelines, on the other hand, do not have a siphon, just a stubby end. The spiracles directly open at the rear end.
- How does the structure of the ends of the mosquitos provide indication toward identification?
o Larvae with siphons (culicines) will require the larvae to sit at an angle at the water surface
o Since anophelines do not have a siphon, they must get close to the surface of the water and lay flat. They are surface feeders
o You can tell who is who by looking at the feeding angle
- What mosquito stage comes after the larvae?
o Pupal stage
- What are the general characteristics of the pupal stage?
o Here the immature mosquito looks like a comma because the head and thorax combine to form the cephalothorax
o To breath, instead of a siphon at the end, there are two siphon tubes located on the back of the head of the pupa
- What environmental factors can affect the development of the mosquito?
o Temperature
o Light
o Salinity
o Food source
o Competition
o Predators
- What does water temperature affect?
o Rate of larval development
o Survivorship
o Pupation rate
o Larval-to-adult survivorship
o Larval-to-adult development time
- What are some things that can indirectly affect larval development by indirectly affecting the water temperature?
o Local climate
o Water depth and movement, habitat size, geometry
o Land cover
o Canopy overgrowth
o Vegetation presence
o Algae
o Soil properties
o Turbidity
- How does salinity affect larvae?
o Salinity affects the survivorship of certain larvae species. During a hot day, the salinity may increase as water evaporates which can impact the tolerance of the larvae
- During larvae development, what is used as a food source?
o Vegetation and debris
o This is why presence of either can impact overall development of mosquitos. Remember that the amount of food larvae takes up impacts complete development time
- Describe the adult external morphology of mosquitos.
o ~6mm long
o Has two sets of wings, except the hind pair are tiny nobs called halters that are used in maintaining balance in flight
o Has a proboscis
o Kidney shaped compound eyes
o Segmented antennae
- What is the proboscis of the mosquito?
o The mouthpart
- What is the difference in proboscis between the male and female mosquito?
o The proboscis of the female is for piercing and sucking. The female proboscis is a tube with 6 fine needles.
o The male mouthpart is different because it is not modified for piercing, therefore it does not suck blood
- If the male does not suck blood, how does it eat?
o The male mosquito sucks nectar and plant juices (the female does too)
- What are the components of the fascicle?
o Labrum
o Maxilla which is paired and serrated
o Hypopharynx which carries the salivary duct
o Mandible
- What kind of eyes do the mosquito have?
o Compound eyes
- Mosquitos have a pair of segmented antennae; how do you tell the difference between the male and female using the antennae?
o Females have short hairs known as pilose antenna
o Males have long hairs known as plumose antennae
- Where are the palps found?
o On each side of the proboscis
- Describe the palps of the anopheles mosquito.
o Both males and females have palps as long as the proboscis that are distally pointed
- Describe the palps of the culicines.
o Females have palps shorter than the proboscis while males have palps as long as the proboscis
- What is the purpose of the sensors on the antennae?
o To detect chemical attractants and other sex pheromones for mating, wind speed, and direction
- What does the Johnston’s organ sense?
o Sound and vibration
- What are some of the attractants that mosquitos can sense?
o Taste
o Touch
o Smell
o Heat
o CO2
o Sound
- What kind of hosts can mosquitos have?
o Mammal
o Bird/poultry
o Amphibian
o Fish
- Why do mosquitos fly?
o For foraging:
Mates
Sugar
Host
Oviposition
Resting sites
o They may also enter a dispersal mode that is wind-assisted, or light directed
o Generally, has one or two flight period over 24 hours
- What does it mean when a mosquito is domestic?
o The mosquito does not fly far from the larval habitat
- What are the characterizations of the flight periods?
o Diurnal
o Nocturnal
o Crepuscular
- What is crepuscular?
o Occurring at dawn and dusk
- Which species of mosquito are day biters?
o Aedes
- Which species of mosquito are night biters?
o Anopheles
o Culex
- What is anthropophagic?
o Feed on humans
- What is zoophagic?
o Feed on animals
- What is endophagic?
o Feed on hosts inside houses
- What is exophagic?
o Feed on hosts outside houses
- What is endophilic?
o Rests inside houses during blood digestion
- What is exophilic?
o Rests outdoors during blood digestion
- What is opportunistic?
o Has a wide range of host preferences
- What is anautogenous?
o Requires a blood meal for egg development
- What is autogenous?
o Does not require a blood meal
- What host finding cues do mosquitos use?
o Long range: chemical attractants (CO2, lactic acid, octanol)
o Short-range: body heat, vision
- How does the mosquito blood feed?
o The mouthpart will penetrate the skin. The maxillae will help make the puncture. The labrum is the tube that sucks the blood. The hypopharynx will send saliva down. The labium is what folds and stays outside
o Once inside the skin the labrum will bend and probe until it finds a capillary and pierces it. The mosquito will then suck hard.
o The saliva contains anticoagulants that keep the blood flowing for the 4 minutes it takes to feed
- What components are found in the mosquito saliva that aid in the uptake of blood?
o Antihemostatic enzymes
Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet factors
Anesthetic substances
- What is the gonotrophic cycle?
o The entire cycle of egg production:
Engorgement
Blood meal
Egg development
Oviposition
- How often does the female undergo the gonotrophic cycle?
o The process is repeated multiple times throughout the female’s life
- What is the mating pattern of females?
o After emerging from pupa, the female will typically mate once, store the sperm in the spermatheca to fertilize future eggs
o Some females will mate after taking a blood meal
- What is the mating pattern of the male?
o The male can mate multiple times
- Why do females take blood meals?
o To use the blood proteins to lay eggs
- How do the mosquito eggs develop?
o Mosquito has an empty stomach
o Completely engorged, ovaries not developed
o Blood will digest
o Blood will appear black, remaining abdomen will be filled with eggs
o The abdomen will be full with eggs with no visible blood
- What is oviposition?
o The process of laying eggs
- How does a female know where to lay eggs?
o Using chemical and visual cues:
Organic chemicals
Salts
High humidity
Reflective surfaces
- What is the variability of oviposition amongst mosquitos?
o High variability between genera for oviposition site preference and larval habitats
- What are the different oviposition types?
o Eggs laid out of water where they may distribute among several sites
o Eggs place in water where the entire clutch is laid at one site and the mother is standing on some surface
o Eggs dropped in water, done while flying
- In what species of mosquitos will dormancy occur?
o All species of mosquitos except for the mosquitos living in tropical and subtropical habitats. Tropical habitats provide egg hatching conditions year round.
- What is parity?
o The number of times a female has laid eggs
- Why do we care about parity?
o Provides relative age of the mosquito
o Helps determine population disease transmission
- How does parity help give relative age of the mosquito?
o If a mosquito has not laid eggs, she is nulliparous meaning the eggs have not completed the full gonotrophic cycle (eggs have not been laid). Then she is young
o If a mosquito has laid eggs before, then she is parous, fully extended
- How is parity determined?
o By dissecting the ovaries and examining the trachea on the ovaries
o If the tracheal skeins are present, meaning tightly coiled trachea, then the female has never laid eggs (nulliparous)
o If the tracheae on the ovaries is stretched, then she has laid eggs (parous)
- What are tracheoles?
o Tube like structures that are part of the respiratory tract in insects
- What are nulliparous females?
o Females that have not completed the gonotrophic cycle
- What are the characteristics of nulliparous females?
o These are the females that seek a host for a blood meal
o The nulliparous females are the biters that cause a nuisance
- What are parous females?
o Females that have completed at least one gonotrophic cycle
- What are the characteristics of parous females?
o Parous females have fed on blood before and have laid at least one batch of eggs
- Which females are important in the spread of disease, parous females or nulliparous females?
o Parous females. Since parous females have fed on a host, there is the potential for them to have picked up a disease from a previous host and can spread it to another host.
o Nulliparous females are not important in the transmission of disease
- What is EIP?
o Extrinsic incubation period (EIP) is the time between when the mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected host and can then transmit the infection to another host
o So as the mosquito ingests the pathogen, when can it be transmitted to the host
- What kind of habitats do the anopheles prefer?
o Almost permanent habitats
o Fresh to saltwater marshes
o Mangrove swamps
o Rice fields
o Grassy ditches
o Edges of streams and ponds
o River
o They can even establish temporary habitats in water puddles such as hoof prints after rain
- What is the life cycle of the anopheles?
o 7 to 14 days
- What is the life span of an adult anopheles?
o 10 to 20 days
- What is the survival rate of anopheles eggs to adulthood?
o 1 to 10%
- What kind of environment must the anopheles eggs live in?
o A moisture rich environment. If the puddle habitat dries out (desiccation), it will not survive
o This is seen evolutionarily why the anopheles’ eggs have air filled sacs that allow the egg to float on the water
- What kind of larvae do the anopheles have?
o Larvae without a siphon requiring them to sit parallel to the water surface
- What is the activity level of the anopheles?
o The anopheles are nocturnal
- Why do humans care about the anopheles?
o In temperate or tropical locations from Spring to November, the anopheles are a biting nuisance
o Anopheles mosquitos also are a major component of disease spread such as malaria, filariasis, and minor arboviruses such as Mayaro virus, O’nyong-nyong virus, and Sindbis virus
- What kind of habitat does the aedes mosquito live in?
o Marshes and ground pools
o Snow-melt pools in the arctic
o Subarctic
o Tropical areas
o Container habitats
o Bamboo stums
o Rock pools
o Tires
o Places that can store water
- What is the life cycle of the aedes?
o 8 to 10 days
- What is the lifespan of the adult aedes?
o About 21 days
- How are the aedes eggs laid?
o 100 to 200 eggs are laid individually on a damp substrate just above the water line
o Oviposition is skipped
- T/F. Aedes are like the anopheles in the fact that aedes cannot withstand desiccation.
o False, aedes can withstand desiccation. The aedes eggs are laid above the water line and do not need the water to survive
o The aedes eggs can remain dry from months to years unlike the anopheles
- What are the characteristics of the aedes eggs?
o Black
o Ovoid shape
o Laid individually
- Describe the aedes larvae and compare them to the anopheles.
o The aedes larvae have a short barrel-shaped siphon used for breathing. The anopheles do not have a siphon which requires them to sit parallel to the water.
- What is the activity of adult aedes?
o The aedes adults are diurnal.
- Would you expect the anopheles to be active during the same time as the aedes?
o No, the anopheles is nocturnal while the aedes is diurnal. Depending on what time of day an individual got bit, you can make a pretty good guess as to the species.
- Why are aedes mosquitos medically important?
o Just like the anopheles, the aedes is a biting nuisance
o Aedes can also carry diseases such as Dengue, Yellow Fever, Chikungunya, Zika, Filariasis, and Japanese Encephalitis
- Which mosquito species is known as the yellow fever mosquito?
o Aedes Aegypti
- Compare the habitat of the aedes aegypti to the anopheles.
o The Aedes Aegypti prefer to bite, rest, and lay eggs indoors, unlike the anopheles which prefers outdoors
- What is the preferred host of the aedes aegypti?
o Humans
o Birds
- What is the aedes albopictus also known as?
o The Asian tiger mosquito
- Compare the ability of the aedes albopictus to be a dengue vector to the aedes aegypti.
o The aedes aegypti is a major dengue vector, while aedes albopictus is a minor dengue vector
- Compare the biting habitat of the Aedes albopictus to the aedes aegypti.
o The aedes albopictus is an aggressive biter outdoors, while the aegypti remains indoors
- What is the preferred host of the aedes albopictus?
o Humans and other animals
- What kind of habitat does the culex prefer?
o Collections of water such as pools, puddles, ditches, and rice fields
o Some species lay their eggs in manmade containers such as tin cans and bottles
o Very few are found in tree holes
- Where do culex quinquefasciatus live?
o Culex quinquefasciatus is found in polluted water with organic debris, or blocked drains. These are medically important because they are a vector for bancroftian filariases
o They prefer to rest indoors before and after feeding
- What is the life cycle of the culex?
o 7 to 10 days
- What is the lifespan of the culex?
o 10 to 60 days
- How are the culex eggs laid?
o About 300 eggs are laid upright on the water surface, placed to form a raft. The eggs adhere to each other from the surface forces of the eggs.
- What are characteristics of the culex eggs?
o Brown
o Long
o Cylindrical
o Laid in a raft
- Describe the larvae of the culex.
o The culex generally have a long narrow siphon, but some species do have a short and fat siphon
- Describe the adult culex.
o Dull-colored
o Lack bright scaled
o Thorax/legs/wing veins are covered in brown scales
o Blunt abdomen
- What is the activity level of the culex?
o Most are nocturnal
- How often do the culex mate?
o One or more times
- Do the culex prefer to eat indoors or outdoors?
o Both, they are both endophilic and exophilic
o The blood engorged females prefer to rest in human habitats such as animal sheds
- Where does the culex quinquefasciatus prefer to rest?
o Indoors before and after feeding, but may also rest in outdoor shelters
- What is the preferred host of the culex?
o Humans and other animals
o Females in norther latitudes are more ornithophagic
o Most populations exhibit a highly opportunistic feeding behavior
- What is the activity level of the culex in the winter?
o They are dormant, they overwinter
o The adults are typically in reproductive arrest
- What is the distribution of the culex?
o Pretty much worldwide
- How does the culex disperse?
o The Culex do not fly long distance
o Some have been shown to fly almost 5 km
- What is the medical importance of the culex mosquito?
o Also a biting nuisance
o The culex can spread disease such as West Nile fever, St. Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, and avian malaria
- What are the types of mosquito-borne diseases?
o Protozoa
o Viruses (arthropod-borne viruses/arboviruses)
o Filarial worms
- What protozoan mosquito-borne disease do we care about?
o Malaria (Plasmodium Spp.)
- Do mosquitos transmit all the arboviruses?
o No, but out of the 500 arboviruses, mosquitos transmit 150 of them
- What mosquito-borne arbovirus’ do we care about?
o Dengue
o Chikungunya
o Zika
o Yellow fever
o West Nile
o Japanese encephalitis
o St. Louis encephalitis
o Easter equine encephalitis
o Western equine encephalitis
o Venezuelan encephalitis
o O’nyong Nyong
- Which mosquito-borne filarial worm disease do we care about?
o Nematodes and roundworms that transmit:
Bancroftian filariases
Brugian filariasis
Dog heartworm
- Where does the extrinsic incubation occur?
o In the mosquitos
- How is the extrinsic incubation period different from the intrinsic incubation period?
o The extrinsic incubation period is the time that occurs in the mosquitos. Specifically, the time between when the mosquito feeds on the infected host and when a subsequent feeding will infect the host
o Intrinsic incubation period is what happens inside the vertebrate host. It is the time between when the host gets infected and the onset of symptoms. Like in viruses.
- What is the extrinsic incubation period in mosquitos for malaria?
o When a mosquito takes a blood meal that contain plasmodium gametocytes, it takes 10 to 18 days for the pathogen to mature to sporozoites
- When the intrinsic incubation period is over, what will the host experience when infected with malaria?
o Fevers
o Chills
o Flu-like illness
o Death
- What is the intrinsic incubation period in mosquitos for malaria?
o When a mosquito bites a host and infects the host with plasmodium sporozoites in the erythrocytic stage, it will take 10 days to 2 weeks for the host to display symptoms
- What is the mode of transmission of malaria?
o Biological transmission (cyclopropogative)
o Cyclopropogative means that it not only undergoes cyclical changes, but it also propagates (multiplies) in the vector
- What is the route of transmission of malaria?
o Salivarian
- What are the possible hosts for malaria?
o Birds
o Reptile
o Non-human primates
o Rodents
o Ungulates
o Bats
- What are the vectors of malaria?
o Anopheles
o Culex
o Mansonia
o Aedes
- What are some methods used to prevent the transmission of malaria?
o To prevent transmission, you want to target the host and the vector
o Some examples include bird nests, personal protection, IRS
o You can target the vector through IVM-spraying, larval site reduction, toxic bait IGR, GMOs
- What are some methods used to prevent the pathogenicity of malaria?
o To prevent the pathogenicity, you want to target the vector and the pathogen
o An example of this could be genetic modification that disrupts the mosquito or pathogen
- What prevention methods are used to target susceptibility of malaria?
o To prevent susceptibility, you want to target the host and the pathogen
o An example of this could be prophylaxes (something used to prevent disease spread) or vaccines
- Who are we concerned about with the spread of arboviruses?
o Aedes and culex mosquitos are the main vectors
- What can alter the extrinsic incubation period of an arbovirus?
o Temperature
o The type of virus
o The mosquito species
- What is the extrinsic incubation period of arboviruses?
o The extrinsic incubation period can range from 5 to 30 days but is typically 8 to 15 days
- When does the extrinsic incubation period of the arbovirus begin?
o When the vector bites a viraemic host, meaning that the host contains the virus, and the vector takes up the pathogen
- When does the intrinsic incubation period of arboviruses occur?
o The intrinsic incubation period in humans occurs 3 to 4 days after infection, when the virus appears in the peripheral blood making the host viraemic
- How long will viremia in the host last?
o This is when the pathogen is in the peripheral blood, and this will typically last 3 day
o Viremia ends when the virus is no longer in the peripheral blood
- What kind of pathogen is dengue?
o Arbovirus
- What is the main vector of dengue?
o Aedes aegypti
o A little bit Ae. Albopictus
- T/F. If you get infected with a serotype of Dengue, you are protected against the other forms of dengue.
o False, Getting DEN 1, 2, 3 or 4 does not protect against the others
- What happens if an individual is infected with dengue multiple times?
o The individuals are at greater risk of dengue hemorrhagic fever of dengue shock syndrome
- What is the extrinsic incubation period of dengue?
o 8 to 12 days
- What is the intrinsic incubation period of dengue?
o 4 to 7 days
- What kind of host are humans in dengue pathogen cycle?
o The primary amplifying host
- Where is dengue transmitted?
o Generally, in the epidemic (urban) cycle
o No longer is the sylvatic cycle necessary for dengue
- What are the transmission prevention methods of dengue virus?
o To prevent transmission, you want to target the host and the vector
o An example of this would be using personal protection or social marketing to make individuals aware
o To prevent the vector amplification, methods include IVM-spraying, larval sites reduction, toxic baits IGR, and using GMOs
- What are the pathogenicity prevention methods for dengue?
o Using GMO to alter the vector or the pathogen
- What are the susceptibility prevention methods of dengue?
o Targeting the host and the pathogen through methods such as a vaccine
- What is the major cause of filariasis?
o Mosquito-borne filarial nematodes such as:
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
B. timori
o Essentially, it is when the specific parasitic nematodes infect the body
- Which mosquito species transmit filariasis?
o A wide range of mosquitos depending on the geographical location
o For example, in Africa, filariasis is spread by the anopheles. In America, it is the culex quinquefasciatus. In the pacific and Asia, filariases is spread by the aedes and mansonia
- What are the characteristics of adult nematodes?
o Long and threadlike
o Lifespan of 6 to 8 years
- When a host is infected with nematodes, where are they primarily found?
o In the lymphatic vessels
o The infection is caused by the parasite
- Why can mosquitos pick up nematodes?
o When the nematodes reproduce, the immature worm is called microfilariae, which are small, have a curved body, and pointy tail and can circulate in the blood where mosquitos will pick it up
- Compare the infection susceptibility of malaria to filariasis.
o One in five infectious bites of malaria will result in infection, while thousands of bites with filarial pathogens require a single infection
- How is filariasis classified?
o Through two groups:
Bancroftian (Wuchereria bancrofti)
Malayan (Brugia malayi and B. timori) filariasis
- Where is bancroftian filariasis found?
o Tropical and subtropical countries such as Africa, Asia, south pacific, the Americas
- Where is Brugian filariasis found?
o In rural areas such as South and South East Asia
o It is absent from Africa and the Americas
- What is the mode of transmission of filariasis?
o Biological (cyclodevelopmental)
o Cyclodevelopmental means that the nematode will develop in the vector, but it will not propagate
- What is the route of transmission of filariasis?
o Active escape/active transfer
o Meaning the nematode falls onto the host
- What are the transmission prevention methods of Filariasis?
o To prevent transmission, you want to target the host and the vector
o An example of this would be using personal protection, IRS, LLIN, and social marketing
o To prevent the vector amplification, methods include IVM-spraying, larval sites reduction, toxic baits IGR, and using GMOs
- What are the pathogenicity prevention methods for filariasis?
o Using GMO to alter the vector or the pathogen
- What are the susceptibility prevention methods of filariasis?
o Targeting the host and the pathogen through methods such as a mass drug administration (MDA)
- What is IVM?
o Integrated vector management is a decision-making process that optimizes resources for effective and sustainable vector control
o IVM targets categories such as biological, chemical, medical, mechanical & environmental, and social & cultural. Each having their own subcomponent.
