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Biostat > Sampling > Flashcards

Sampling Flashcards

1
Q

The act of studying or examining only a segment of the population to represent the whole

• Advantages:

− Cheaper

− Faster

− Better quality of information

− Only possible method for destructive procedures (ex: blood count)

A

SAMPLING

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2
Q

– entire group of individuals or items of interest in the study (eg. Philippines)

A

Population

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3
Q

– group from which representative information is desired and to which inferences will be made (eg. Metro Manila sa Philippines)

A

Target Population

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4
Q

– population from which a sample will actually be taken (eg. Makati City sa Metro Manila sa Philippines)

A

Sampling Population

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5
Q

– units which are chosen in selecting a sample (eg. Mga nakatira sa baranggay 1 sa Makati City sa Metro Manila sa Phil.)

A

Sampling Unit

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6
Q

_________________ – object or person on whom a measurement if actually taken or an observation is made (eg. tao sa baranggay)

A

Elementary Unit or Element

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7
Q

_____________________ – a collection of all sampling units / a listing of all units available (eg. record, list sa infirmary, census)

A

Sampling Frame

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8
Q

Incidence of Leptospirosis in a Tertiary Hospital in Manila

Target Population:

Sampling Population:

Sampling Frame:

A

Target Population: Residents of Manila

Sampling Population: Manila residents consulting in a tertiary hospital

Sampling Frame: ER census of the tertiary hospital/Admitting office

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9
Q

Prevalence of Obesity among Call Center Agents of Convergys Target Population:

Sampling Population:

Sampling Frame:

A

Target Population:Call Center Agents

Sampling Population: Call center agents of Convergys

Sampling Frame: List of call center agents working for Convergys

or

Target Population: Call Center Agents of Convergys

Sampling Population: Call center agents of Convergys na Night shift, or call center na inbound or outbound.

Sampling Frame: List of call center agents working for Convergys sa HR.

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10
Q

Rate of Sexually-­‐transmitted Infection among CSW’s Olongapo Target Population:

Sampling Population:

Sampling Frame:

A

Target Population: CSW’s of Olongapo

Sampling Population: CSW’s working in a high-­‐end bar

Sampling Frame: List of registered CSW’s

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11
Q

Prevalence of disability among 6-­‐12 year old children in a community

Target Population:

Sampling Population:

Sampling Frame:

A

Target Population: 6 – 12 year old children

Sampling Population: 6 -­‐12 year old pupils

Sampling Frame: List of pupils

Target Population: Children in a community

Sampling Population: 6 -­‐12 year old children na nasa community

Sampling Frame: Barangay Census

or

Target Population: 6 – 12 year old children

Sampling Population: 6 -­‐12 year old children from homes in a rural town

Sampling Frame: List of barangays

Sampling Units: Barangays selected by systematic

sampling Elements: All children aged 6-­‐12 yrs from the homes located in the barangays sampled

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12
Q

• The difference between the value of the parameter being investigated vs. the estimate of this value based on the different samples

A

SAMPLING ERROR

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13
Q
  • Sample should be representative / reflect the characteristics and variability of the population
  • Sample size should be adequate
  • Practicality and feasibility of the procedure
  • Economy and efficiency of the design
A

GOOD SAMPLING DESIGN

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14
Q

BASIC SAMPLING DESIGN

A

A.** Non-­‐probability Sampling Designs** − The probability of each member of the population being selected as part of the sample cannot be determined

B. Probability Sampling Designs − Each member of the population has a known non-­‐zero chance of being selected as a sample

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15
Q

− The probability of each member of the population being selected as part of the sample cannot be determined

A

A. Non-­‐probability Sampling Designs

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16
Q

− Each member of the population has a known non-­‐zero chance of being selected as a sample

A

B. Probability Sampling Designs

17
Q

• **Advantages: **

− Easier to execute

− Sometimes the only possible means

• Disadvantages: − More likely to produce a biased result − Cannot compute reliable estimates

A

A. NON-­‐PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGN

18
Q

What are the types of nonprobabilty sampling design?

A
  1. judgmental or purposive
  2. Accidental or haphazrd
  3. Quota sampling
  4. Snowball technique
  5. Convenience sampling
19
Q

o a ‘representative’ sample of the population is selected based on an expert’s subjective judgment or some pre-­‐specified criteria (ex: infants with autism)

A

Judgmental or Purposive

20
Q

o The sample is made up of those who is available (ambush interview)

A

Accidental or Haphazard

21
Q

o Samples of a fixed size (quota) are obtained from pre-­‐ determined subdivisions of the population (e.g. religion research) o Eg. Perspective sa Holy Trinity ng Iglesia Ni Cristo members; Igorots sa perspective sa isang intervention

A

Quota Sampling

22
Q

o The sample is obtained by a process whereby an individual to be included is identified by a member who was previously included (e.g ; CSW, drug users) o Irerefer lang. (eg. HIV, Sex worker, erectile dysfunction)

A

Snowball technique

23
Q

o Study units who are easily accessible are selected as samples (e.g. clinical studies)

o Kung sino lang ung dumating/ pagpapalista/

A
  1. Convenience Sampling
24
Q

Safe Sex: Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of HIV positives in the Philippines -­‐

A

SNOWBALL

25
Q

Acceptability of a Detergent Bar X Among Shoppers in a Supermarket -­‐

A

CONVENIENCE OR HAPHAZARD (better choice)

26
Q

A Focused Group Discussion on the Impact of Beauty Products in the Self-­‐Esteem of Teenagers –

A

QUOTA

27
Q

Effect of Monoclonal Antibody (Drug X) in the QOL among Psoriasis Patients of Dermatology OPD

A

CONVENIENCE (better choice) or PURPOSIVE

28
Q

Family Planning Method: Preference among Doctors-­‐to-­‐the-­‐Barrios

A

PURPOSIVE OR QUOTA (better choice)

29
Q

What are the types of probabality sampliing design?

A
  1. Simple random

2, Systemic Sampling

  1. Stratified Random Sampling
  2. Cluster Sampling
  3. multi-stage sampling design
30
Q

− Most basic type of design. Every element in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

− Make a sampling frame: a numbered list of all units in the population from which you want to draw a sample

− Lottery method or use random numbers to select elements − Eg. toss coin, generation or random numbers

A
  1. Simple Random Sampling
31
Q

− Samples are chosen at regular intervals (e.g. every fourth) from a sampling frame

− Researcher must compute for the sampling interval (k=N/n) − Easier to perform than SRS

. Sometimes result in a more representative sample

− Example.

− 70 – isang classroom (N = total population) 10

– kung ilan ang kelangan(n) 70/10 = 7 ang interval kung ang interval ay 7, ang kasali ay 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17…….

A
  1. Systematic Sampling
32
Q

− Population is first divided into non-­‐overlapping groups called strata (stratum). SRS is done for each stratum

− Ensures that groups are adequately represented.

Estimates for each stratum may be obtained. Produces reliable results

− Eg. Population: College of Medicine Strata: Year Level, Gender. Population: For Offices Strata: Position, either Blue collar or white collar

A
  1. Stratified Random Sampling
33
Q

− The selection of groups of study units (clusters) instead of the selection of individual study units

− Eg. City – and cluster nyan ay barangay 1 or barangay 2, ung barangay na pipiliin, kasama lahat.

A
  1. Cluster Sampling
34
Q

______________− Combination of sampling designs may be used. − Primary and secondary sampling

A
  1. Multi-­‐stage Sampling Design
35
Q
A

Biostat (3 decks)

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