INTRO TO BIOSTAT Flashcards
u The
scientific
discipline
concerned
with
the
application
of
statistical
methods
to
problems
in
biology
or
medicine
u A
body
of
methods
in
analyzing
data
Biostatistics
– A set of statistical techniques whose main objective is to summarize(sentiments, opinions) and present data in a form(graphs) that will make them easier to analyze and interpret – Example: vital statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Vital statistic – a data of a bigger data -‐ Incidence rate, Prevalence rate, Mortality Rate -‐ Surveys, Polls, “Family Feud”
Descriptive statistics
– A branch of Statistics concerned with making estimates, predictions, generalizations and conclusions about a target population based on information from a sample
– Foundation of
of the concept of inference is the theory of probability
Inferential Statistics
Prevalence of Hypertension among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II in A Tertiary Hospital: A 5-‐Year Retrospective Study –
Descriptive
Development/Probability of Hypertension among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II in A Tertiary Hospital: A 5-‐Year Retrospective Study -‐
Inferential
Lavender Oil in the Management of Anxiety -‐
Inferential
The Effects of Lavender Oil in the Management of Anxiety –
Descriptive
How many are using Lavender Oil in the Management of Anxiety? -‐
Descriptive
Incidence of Leptospirosis in the Philippines -‐
Descriptive
Akapulko as Adjunct Treatment in the Management of Tinea Pedis -‐
Inferential
A Post-‐Marketing Surveillance Study on Chlorhexidine (Oracare): Safety and Efficacy –
both Descriptive (70%) and Inferential (30%)
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- Estimation
a. Point estimate Eg. Sa Long jump, 5m ang kaya niyang italon. Ideally better.
b. Interval estimate Eg. Sa Long Jump, 4.5-‐5.5 and kayang talunin ng long jumper. Usually used, - Hypothesis Testing May hypothesis. Kaya ba niya tumalon ng malayo?
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- Statement of an objective (What do you want to do, what do you want to infer about?)
- Data Collection
a. Measurement
b. Methods of data collection
c. Sampling - Analysis and Interpretation
- Drawing Inferences regarding the population
USES OF STATISTICS
- A data reduction technique -‐ solving for the Average, Median, Mode etc.
- A tool for objective appraisal and evaluation
- A tool in the decision making process -‐Election
APPLICATION OF STATISTICS
- Public Health Statistics – for planning and monitoring of health status
- Vital Statistics – data related to events (Birth, marriage, death) 3. Health Statistics – health status of individual or community
- Hospital Statistics (Census)
NATURE OF STATISTICAL DATA
- Expressed numerically
- Treated as a mass or group of observations
- Subject to variation
: total enumeration of all elements to which a research is to be applied
Population
: the complete collection of elements that is on interest to the investigators
Target Population
: A collection of elements from which the sample was actually taken
Sampled Population
: the list of elements in the sampled population Population –
Sampling frame
way paano nagarrive sa sample population. -‐ Chineck ng researcher ang health status or annual PE ng students kung malabo ang mata or nagpapacute lang or tatanungin ung LO kung sino talaga ung Malabo mata or nagpapacute lang.
Sampling frame
u Allows researchers to collect more accurate data of greater scope at a reduced cost and at greater speed.
u More efficient / more feasible
SAMPLING
: Elements of the population that were sampled
Sampled Population – Lahat na merong criteria/elements ng population ay kasali may nakasalamin na Malabo mata, may Malabo ang mata na nakacontact, nakasalamin na nagpapacute lang. Sampl
Sampling units
Elements from which measurements were derived
– ung mga nakasalamin na totoong malabo ung mata, iinom ng optin na gamot.
Observation units:
– random selection, with reduced bias or partiality
u Representativeness is assumed (may balance ung mga population)
u Best approach for clinical trials
Probability sampling methods
: the process of choosing a random sample from the target population -‐ everybody gets an equal chance, fish bowl
Random sampling
: the method of assigning the sample into different treatment groups in an experimental study.
Also termed “randomization” -‐ sang intervention ilalagay ung selected population
Random allocation
