Sample Handling

Question 1

Normal urine volume

Answer 1

1200-1500 mL/24 hr

Question 2

Oliguria

Answer 2

Decrease in urine output (dehydration)

Question 3

Anuria

Answer 3

No urine output (kidney damage or renal failure)

Question 4

Nocturia

Answer 4

Increased urine output at night (reduction in bladder capacity from pregnancy, stones, prostate enlargement)

Question 5

Polyuria

Answer 5

Increased daily output (might be more than 2 L/day)

diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, diuretics, caffeine, alcohol

Question 6

Changes in unpreserved urine

Answer 6

Increased pH, nitrites, bacteria, turbidity
Decreased urobilinogen, glucose, ketones, and bilirubin
Change in color, destruction of formed elements

Question 7

First morning specimen

Answer 7

Concentrated specimen, used for routine screening (pregnancy, orthostatic proteinuria)

Question 8

Random midstream clean-catch specimen

Answer 8

Routine screening, time of collection not issue

Clean external urinary meatus, urinate small volume into toilet, collect rest of sample

Question 9

Fasting specimen

Answer 9

Glucose monitoring, usually second voided specimen of morning following fasting period

Question 10

2-hour postprandial specimen

Answer 10

Void 2 hours after eating, monitor glucose

Question 11

24-hour specimen

Answer 11

collected over 24 hours for creatinine clearance or other analytes
At time 0, empty bladder into toilet, collect all urinations in the next 24 hours, including one at 24 hrs itself, delivered to lab1

Question 12

Catheterized specimen

Answer 12

Collected from tube through urethra to bladder, used for bacterial culture and routine screening

Question 13

Suprapubic aspiration specimen

Answer 13

Needle inserted into bladder through abdominal wall, used for bacterial culture and cytologic testing