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Neurophysiology 3 > Sample final > Flashcards

Sample final Flashcards

1
Q

During a sleep study, 40% of EEG waves are high amplitude low frequency delta waves. what sleep stage is the subject in?

A

Non-REM Stage III (20-50%) (Stage IV is 50%>)

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2
Q

Lesions in the raphe nucleus produce what effect short term?

A

insomnia

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3
Q

Experimentally how can REM sleep be induced?

A

cholinergic stimulation of the pons

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4
Q

The nucleus basal is of Meynert which functions as a sleep modulating center is associated with what type of neuronal projections?

A

cholinergic

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5
Q

In what sleep stage does the EEG resemble awake state/

A

REM

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6
Q

Slow wave sleep is associated with which autonomic changes?

A

Increase parasympathetic

Decrease Sympathetic

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7
Q

Kindling may be associated with what?

A

binge drinking

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8
Q

PGO (pontine geniculate occipital) spikes are associated with what sleep stage?

A

REM

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9
Q

True or false; Leptin from adipose causes increased energy utilization, and decreased food intake

A

true; “L” lose weight

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10
Q

A 30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons occurs during what sleep stage?

A

REM

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11
Q

Increased levels of what hormone may be associated with weight gain associated with sleep deprivation by increasing feelings of hunger and increasing food intake

A

Ghrelin; “G” gain weight

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12
Q

True or false; a common cause of epilepsy is head trauma

A

true

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13
Q

True or false; acidosis is a precipitating cause of seizures

A

false; alkalosis is (i.e. hyperventilation)

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14
Q

What cognitive symptom of schizophrenia involves the prefrontal cortex

A

deficits in working memory (short term)

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15
Q

Positive schizophrenic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations are associated with what excessive dopaminergic projections activity that originate in the ventral tegmental area

A

Mesolimbic

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16
Q

In schizophrenia, exaggerated activity of dopaminergic projections from the ventral segmental area to the neocortex is associated with what?

A

flat affect (not feeling emotions)

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17
Q

How likely is an identical twin to become schizophrenic if the other identical twin develops the disease

A

40%

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18
Q

Schizophrenics may benefit from what type of diet?

A

gluten free

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19
Q

True or false; a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids has some evidence of helping patients with Bi-polar or manic depression

A

true

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20
Q

Unipolar depression is associated with decreased levels of what neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine and serotonin

21
Q

True or false; lack of parasympathetic nervous system activity is a key finding in all anxiety disorders

A

false

22
Q

Infusion of what substance will induce a panic attack in a person who is predisposed to that condition

A

sodium lactate (or inhalation of CO2)

23
Q

What non drug treatment for depression is relatively new and received FDA approval in 2008 and also has other applications like treating asperger’s

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

24
Q

What is by far the most common emotion associated with chronic back pain?

A

depression

25
Q

Stimulation of what neuronal receptors is associated with opening of chloride channels

A

GABA

26
Q

True or false; all areas of the CNS has a blood brain barrier

A

false

27
Q

What will increase cerebral blood flow?

A

increase in local CO2 or Decrease in pH

28
Q

What has been shown to bind to cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and help prevent degeneration associated with alzheimer’s disease

A

nerve growth factor

29
Q

A fairly common side effect to electroconvulsive therapy to treat major depression is what?

A

memory loss

30
Q

The entire CSF volume turns over how many times per day

A

3

31
Q

True or false; CSF can provide a transport route for neuropeptides to distant sites

A

true

32
Q

Activation of what division of the autonomic nervous system inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and results in a suppression of the immune system

A

sympathetic

33
Q

What is a CNS effect of alpha MSH on the hypothalamus

A

negate fever

34
Q

What substance is associated with producing a fever state

A

IL-1

35
Q

What is considered a normal cranial sacral rhythm

A

6 cycles per minute

36
Q

What neuropeptide in autonomic nerves innervating the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes help regulate immune cells

A

NPY

37
Q

Cellular adhesion molecules, NK cell function, and T cell function are diminished in what?

A

Spinal cord injury (healing also impaired)

38
Q

True or false; immune cells can produce neurologically active peptides such as ACTH and VIP

A

true

39
Q

Experimentally if two adjacent digits are seen together, what would be expected to occur

A

cortical reorganization, whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually

40
Q

In mice, what can prolong lifespan

A

melatonin administration

41
Q

True or false; following injury new neural connections can reform in both the CNS and PNS

A

true

42
Q

In neonatoal mice, what increased the number of degranulated acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary, a sign of degeneration

A

thymectomy

43
Q

In old mice, what restores thymic capacity to produce thymulin

A

L-thyroxine

44
Q

Which has a higher regeneration capacity PNS or CNS

A

PNS>CNS

45
Q

Astrocytes communicate among themselves and with neurons by what mechanism

A

Ca++ waves

46
Q

True or false; astrocytes typically inhibit synaptogenesis

A

false (typically increase it)

47
Q

Somnabulism typically occurs during what?

A

SWS (slow wave sleep)

48
Q

What has been shown to cause the brain to age up to 20x faster than normal with loss of gray matter

A

chronic low back pain

49
Q

What area of the CNS functions as a endogenous (biologic) clock entraining circadian rhythms

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Neurophysiology 3 (3 decks)

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