Sample final Flashcards
During a sleep study, 40% of EEG waves are high amplitude low frequency delta waves. what sleep stage is the subject in?
Non-REM Stage III (20-50%) (Stage IV is 50%>)
Lesions in the raphe nucleus produce what effect short term?
insomnia
Experimentally how can REM sleep be induced?
cholinergic stimulation of the pons
The nucleus basal is of Meynert which functions as a sleep modulating center is associated with what type of neuronal projections?
cholinergic
In what sleep stage does the EEG resemble awake state/
REM
Slow wave sleep is associated with which autonomic changes?
Increase parasympathetic
Decrease Sympathetic
Kindling may be associated with what?
binge drinking
PGO (pontine geniculate occipital) spikes are associated with what sleep stage?
REM
True or false; Leptin from adipose causes increased energy utilization, and decreased food intake
true; “L” lose weight
A 30% increase in rheobase in motor neurons occurs during what sleep stage?
REM
Increased levels of what hormone may be associated with weight gain associated with sleep deprivation by increasing feelings of hunger and increasing food intake
Ghrelin; “G” gain weight
True or false; a common cause of epilepsy is head trauma
true
True or false; acidosis is a precipitating cause of seizures
false; alkalosis is (i.e. hyperventilation)
What cognitive symptom of schizophrenia involves the prefrontal cortex
deficits in working memory (short term)
Positive schizophrenic symptoms like delusions and hallucinations are associated with what excessive dopaminergic projections activity that originate in the ventral tegmental area
Mesolimbic
In schizophrenia, exaggerated activity of dopaminergic projections from the ventral segmental area to the neocortex is associated with what?
flat affect (not feeling emotions)
How likely is an identical twin to become schizophrenic if the other identical twin develops the disease
40%
Schizophrenics may benefit from what type of diet?
gluten free
True or false; a diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids has some evidence of helping patients with Bi-polar or manic depression
true
Unipolar depression is associated with decreased levels of what neurotransmitters
norepinephrine and serotonin
True or false; lack of parasympathetic nervous system activity is a key finding in all anxiety disorders
false
Infusion of what substance will induce a panic attack in a person who is predisposed to that condition
sodium lactate (or inhalation of CO2)
What non drug treatment for depression is relatively new and received FDA approval in 2008 and also has other applications like treating asperger’s
transcranial magnetic stimulation
What is by far the most common emotion associated with chronic back pain?
depression
Stimulation of what neuronal receptors is associated with opening of chloride channels
GABA
True or false; all areas of the CNS has a blood brain barrier
false
What will increase cerebral blood flow?
increase in local CO2 or Decrease in pH
What has been shown to bind to cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and help prevent degeneration associated with alzheimer’s disease
nerve growth factor
A fairly common side effect to electroconvulsive therapy to treat major depression is what?
memory loss
The entire CSF volume turns over how many times per day
3
True or false; CSF can provide a transport route for neuropeptides to distant sites
true
Activation of what division of the autonomic nervous system inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and results in a suppression of the immune system
sympathetic
What is a CNS effect of alpha MSH on the hypothalamus
negate fever
What substance is associated with producing a fever state
IL-1
What is considered a normal cranial sacral rhythm
6 cycles per minute
What neuropeptide in autonomic nerves innervating the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes help regulate immune cells
NPY
Cellular adhesion molecules, NK cell function, and T cell function are diminished in what?
Spinal cord injury (healing also impaired)
True or false; immune cells can produce neurologically active peptides such as ACTH and VIP
true
Experimentally if two adjacent digits are seen together, what would be expected to occur
cortical reorganization, whereby the two digits cannot be controlled individually
In mice, what can prolong lifespan
melatonin administration
True or false; following injury new neural connections can reform in both the CNS and PNS
true
In neonatoal mice, what increased the number of degranulated acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary, a sign of degeneration
thymectomy
In old mice, what restores thymic capacity to produce thymulin
L-thyroxine
Which has a higher regeneration capacity PNS or CNS
PNS>CNS
Astrocytes communicate among themselves and with neurons by what mechanism
Ca++ waves
True or false; astrocytes typically inhibit synaptogenesis
false (typically increase it)
Somnabulism typically occurs during what?
SWS (slow wave sleep)
What has been shown to cause the brain to age up to 20x faster than normal with loss of gray matter
chronic low back pain
What area of the CNS functions as a endogenous (biologic) clock entraining circadian rhythms
suprachiasmatic nucleus
