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AP2 -Sameer Verma > Sameer AP Exam 3 > Flashcards

Sameer AP Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Which of the following inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate?

A. Partial pressure of oxygen below 60 millimeters of mercury at chemoreceptors
B. Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
C. Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood
D. A rise in body temperature

A

B. Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

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2
Q
  1. Calculate the renal clearance rate of urea:
    Plasma concentration (Purea) = 10mM
    Urine concentration (Uurea) = 200mM
    Urine flow rate (V) = 2ml/min

A. 20ml/min
B. 40ml/min
C. 0.25ml/min
D. 0.4 ml/min

A

B. 40ml/min

Clearance = (U-urea x V ) / P-urea
C = (200 x 2) / 10
C = 400/10
C = 40

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3
Q
  1. Which of the following is CORRECT regarding acclimatization?

A. At high altitudes, hemoglobin’s affinity for O2 is increased because BPG concentrations increase.
B. Decreases in arterial PO2 cause the peripheral chemoreceptors to become less responsive to increases in
PCO2
C. When blood 02 levels decline, the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, which stimulates breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen.
D. High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less 02 is available to be loaded

A

D. High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less 02 is available to be loaded

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4
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A. Open hepatopancreatic sphincter
B. Increase production of pancreatic juice
C. Increase production of stomach acid
D. Stimulate gallbladder to release bile

A

C. Increase production of stomach acid

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5
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding mesangial cells?

A.They produce Renin
B. Sense NaCl content of filtrate
C. Pass signal between macula densa and granular cells
D. Are found in ascending limbs

A

C. Pass signal between macula densa and granular cells

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6
Q
  1. Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

A. Vasa recta
B. Glomerulus
C. Peritubular capillaries
D. Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

A

B. Glomerulus

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7
Q
  1. In what form do fats first enter the bloodstream?
    A. As chylomicrons
    B. As fatty acids and glycerol
    C. As micelles
    D. As glycerol
A

A. As chylomicrons

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8
Q
  1. Respiratory control centers are located in the
    A. Pons and midbrain
    B. Midbrain and medulla
    C. Medulla and pons
    D. Upper spinal cord and medulla
A

C. Medulla and pons

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9
Q
  1. Which chemical activates the transformation of Trypsinogen to trypsin?

A. Carboxypeptidase
B. Chymotrypsin
C. Enteropeptidase
D. Amylase

A

C. Enteropeptidase

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10
Q
  1. Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

A. Angiotensin I and epinephrine
B. Angiotensin Il and aldosterone
C. Angiotensin Il and ADH
D. Angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide

A

B. Angiotensin Il and aldosterone

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11
Q
  1. Which of the following changes occurs during defecation?

A. Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
B. External anal sphincter is contracted
C. Rectal smooth muscle is relaxed Intra-abdominal pressure is lower than when at rest
D. Segmentation contractions predominate

A

A. Internal anal sphincter is relaxed

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12
Q
  1. Micelle formation is necessary for the intestinal absorption of:

A. Glycerol
B. Galactose
C. Leucine
D. Bile acids
E. Vitamin D

A

E. Vitamin D

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13
Q
  1. When parietal cells are stimulated, they secrete:

A. HCl and intrinsic factor
B. HCI and HCOs
C. Mucus and pepsinogen
D. HCl and pepsinogen
E. HCO3- and intrinsic factor

A

A. HCl and intrinsic factor

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14
Q
  1. Specific enteroendocrine cells of the stomach, called G cells, are stimulated by partially digested proteins, caffeine, and rising pH. When stimulated, G cells secrete____

A. Ghrelin
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Gastrin
D. Pepsin

A

C. Gastrin

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15
Q
  1. Which of the following are NOT correctly matched?

A. Protease: lipid digestion
B. Nuclease: DNA and RNA digestion
C. Lipase: fat digestion
D. Amylase: carbohydrate digestion

A

A. Protease: lipid digestion

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16
Q
  1. Which of the following initiate(s) inspiration?

A. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
B. Midbrain
C. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
D. Pontine respiratory centers

A

A. Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

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17
Q
  1. Vasa recta blood osmolality is critical to maintaining the countercurrent mechanisms of the nephron. Where is vasa recta blood osmolality the highest?

A. In the deep medulla
B. In the shallow medulla
C. In the cortex
D. It is the same throughout the nephron area

A

A. In the deep medulla

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18
Q
  1. Gastric pits, as opposed to gastric glands, are completely lined with _
    A. Enteroendocrine cells
    B. Mucous cells
    C. Parietal cells
    D. Chief cells
A

B. Mucous cells

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19
Q
  1. Which of the following is (are) NOT important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A. Carbohydrates
B. Distention
C. Peptides
D. Low acidity

A

A. Carbohydrates

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20
Q
  1. Where does the process of segmentation occur?

A. Rectum
B. Small intestine
C. Stomach
D. Esophagus

A

B. Small intestine

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21
Q
  1. Carbohydrates are digested into

A. Nucleotides
B. Monosaccharides
C. Amino acids
D. Glycerol

A

B. Monosaccharides

22
Q
  1. What area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients?

A. Collecting duct
B. Descending nephron loop
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Distal convoluted tubule

A

C. Proximal convoluted tubule

23
Q
  1. The word “countercurrent” within “countercurrent multiplier” refers to the opposite direction of flow of:

A. Sodium and potassium across the wall of the nephron.
B. Tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop
C. Salts and water across the wall of the renal tubule
D. Tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule

A

B. Tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop

24
Q
  1. Reabsorption of sodium in the medulla by active transport is undertaken by cells that compose which of the following?

A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Ascending nephron loop
C. Descending nephron loop
D. Vasa recta

A

B. Ascending nephron loop

25
Q
  1. Bile is secreted by the
    under hormonal influence of
    A. Pancreas; secretin
    B. Gallbladder; gastrin
    C. Liver; secretin
    D. Small intestine; CCK
A

C. Liver; secretin

26
Q
  1. The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

A. This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, resulting in faster gastric emptying
B. Increased production of Trypsinogen
C. The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food but may cause heartburn
D. Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

A

D. Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

27
Q
  1. Which of the following stimuli is the MOST powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?

A. An increase in blood pH
B. Arterial pH
C. Rising Carbon Dioxide levels
D. Reduced Oxygen Levels

A

C. Rising Carbon Dioxide levels

28
Q
  1. Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?

A. Enteroendocrine cells
B. Zymogenic cells
C. Parietal cells
D. Mucous neck cells

A

C. Parietal cells

29
Q
  1. For bulk flow across capillary walls

A. Osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space
B. Fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space
C. Hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
D. Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary

A

C. Hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space

30
Q
  1. At what level of the nephron, does parathyroid hormone function (PTH)?
    (Fig. 3.1)

A. А
В. В
C. C
D. D
E. E

A

D. D

31
Q
  1. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in

A. Systemic blood pressure by signaling for a decrease in heart rate through blood-borne hormones
B. Urine production by signaling for a decrease in urine production through the hormone ADH
C. NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers
D. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure by signaling for afferent arterioles to constrict and increase filtration rate

A

C. NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers

32
Q
  1. Use the values below to answer the following question.
    Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPgc) = 47 mm Hg
    Hydrostatic pressure in capsular space (HPcs) = 10 mm Hg
    Colloid osmotic pressure (OPgc) = 15 mm Hg
    What is the Net filtration pressure (NFP)?

A. 55 mm Hg
B. 47 mm Hg
C. 22 mm H8
D. 25 mm Hg
E. 10 mm Hg

A

C. 22 mmHg

HPgc — (HPcs + OPgc)
47- (10+15)
47 - 25
22

33
Q
  1. Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it

A. Inhibits the release of ADH
B. Increases secretion of ADH
C. Is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells
D. Increases the rate of glomerular filtration

A

A. Inhibits the release of ADH

34
Q
  1. Which of the choices below is a function of the nephron loop?

A. Absorb water and electrolytes into the tubular network
B. Form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
C. Form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine
D. Absorb electrolytes actively and water by osmosis in the same segments

A

B. Form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine

35
Q
  1. Which of the following does NOT describe the juxtaglomerular complex?

A. It helps control systemic blood pressure
B. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone
C. It regulates the rate of filtrate formation
D. Its granular cells produce renin.

A

B. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone

36
Q
  1. Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

A. Synthesize vitamins C and D
B. Absorb bilirubin
C. Synthesis of vitamin K
D. Produce gas

A

C. Synthesis of vitamin K

37
Q
  1. Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the

A. Parietal cells of the stomach
B. Goblet cells of the small intestine
C. Brunner’s glands in the duodenum
D. Chief cells of the stomach

A

D. Chief cells of the stomach

38
Q
  1. Which of the following is the major process or function that occurs in the stomach?

A. Mechanical breakdown
B. Defecation
C. Absorption
D. Deglutition

A

A. Mechanical breakdown

39
Q
  1. What event triggers the opening of the gastroesophageal sphincter?

A. Constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter
B. pH changes in the esophagus
C. Detection of nutrients in the esophagus
D. Peristalsis in the esophagus

A

D. Peristalsis in the esophagus

40
Q
  1. Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by____

A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Countertransport
C. Secondary active transport
D. Passive transport

A

C. Secondary active transport

41
Q
  1. Where in the nephron does MOST solute reabsorption occur?

A. Collecting duct
B. Distal Convoluted tubule
C. Proximal convoluted tubule
D. Glomerulus

A

C. Proximal convoluted tubule

42
Q
  1. Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

A. The sympathetic efferents
B. The stretching of the bladder wall
C. The pressure of the fluid in the bladder
D. Motor neurons

A

B. The stretching of the bladder wall

43
Q
  1. Use the values below to answer the following question.

Hydrostatic pressure in capsular space (HPcs)=15 mmHg
Colloid osmotic pressure (OPgc)=30 mmHg
Net filtration pressure (NFP)=10 mmHg

What is the Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPgo)?

A. 40 mmHg
B. 5 mm Hg
C. 55 mm Hg
D. 10 mm Hg
E. 0 mm Hg

A

C. 55 mmHg

10= HPgc — (HPcs + OPgc)
10= Hpgc— (15+30)
10=HPgc—45
10+45=HPgc
HPgc=55

44
Q
  1. Nucleosidase is an enzyme that breaks the:

A. Phosphodiester bond between nucleotides within DNA
B. Bond that attaches the phosphate to the nucleoside
C. Bond between the sugar and the nitrogenous base of the nucleoside
D. Bonds within the nitrogenous bases of rRN

A

C. Bond between the sugar and the nitrogenous base of the nucleoside

45
Q
  1. Paneth cells

A. Secrete digestive enzymes
B. Secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
C. Secrete hormones
D. Secrete bicarbonate ions

A

B. Secrete enzymes that kill bacteria

46
Q
  1. Which of the following is (are) NOT important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A. Distention
B. Carbohydrates
C. Peptides
D. Low acidity

A

B. Carbohydrates

47
Q
  1. The factor that promotes filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the

A. Capsular hydrostatic pressure
B. Colloid osmotic pressure of the blood
C. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
D. Myogenic mechanism

A

C. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

48
Q
  1. Which of the following hormones acting on the collecting duct is most responsible for retaining sodium ions in the blood?

A. Aldosterone
B. Parathyroid hormone
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide
D. Antidiuretic hormone

A

A. Aldosterone

49
Q
  1. The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the:

A. Nephron loop dilutes the concentration of solutes in the tubular fluid at its hairpin turn
B. Nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla
C. Vasa recta secretes multiple amounts of metabolic wastes against their concentration gradient
D. Vasa recta becomes more concentrated with nitrogenous wastes than the urine

A

B. Nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla

50
Q
  1. If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?

A. 100% of glucose is reabsorbed
B. The clearance value of glucose is relatively high in a healthy adult
C. The glucose molecule is too large to be filtered out of the blood
D. Most of the glucose is filtered out of the blood and is not reabsorbed in the convoluted tubules

A

A. 100% of glucose is reabsorbed

51
Q
  1. Which enzyme(s) is/are responsible for the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?

A. Amylases
B. Nuclease
C. Trypsin
D. Proteases

A

A. Amylases

52
Q
  1. Which of these is NOT a component of saliva?

A. cyanide derivative
B. Defensins
C. Metabolic waste
D. Proteases
D. Lysozyme

A

A. cyanide derivative

AP2 -Sameer Verma (2 decks)

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