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SAM I Exam II Repeat > SAM I Heartworm > Flashcards

SAM I Heartworm Flashcards

1
Q

Which dogs are more likely to be infected with heart worm? Outdoor or Indoor

A

Outdoor dogs are more likely to be infected

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2
Q

How long can microfilaria released by adult female heart worms circulate in the animal?

A

Up to 3 years

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3
Q

Intermediate host of heart worm

A

Mosquitoes

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4
Q

Which stage of heartworm is inoculated by the mosquitos ?

A

L3

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5
Q

After 2-3 months where are the L5s carried to in the animal?

A

Caudal pulmonary arteries

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6
Q

How long after initial infection with heart worms do they begin releasing microfilaria into the blood?

A

6-9 months

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7
Q

Does the amount of worms in the dog affect the severity of pathology of the disease ?

A

NO

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8
Q

What intracellular bacteria is harbored by D. Immitis and contributes to the pathogenesis of heartworm disease?

A

Wolbachia spp.

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9
Q

Signalment of Canine Heartworm Disease:
Age
Sex
Breed

A

Age:Over 6 months
Sex: Outdoor Males
Breed: Large Breed Dogs from Endemic Areas(Southeast)

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10
Q

Severity of disease is determined by _____________.

A

Pulmonary Blood Flow

Small number of worms in dogs that exercise regularly cause more severe pathology than a large number of worms in dogs that are sedentary.

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11
Q

Which side heart failure is seen in dogs with heartworm?

A

Right sided congestive heart failure

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12
Q

Main sign of right sided congestive heart failure.

A

As cites

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13
Q

Definitive diagnosis of canine heartworm

A

ID microfilaria in the blood with Knotts or DiFil Test

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14
Q

Gold Standard for diagnosing heartworm.

A

Antigen Assay

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15
Q

What is commonly seen in hematology?

A

Thrombocytopenia

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16
Q

When using ultrasound what can you see in the right heart with heavy infections ?

A

Parallel hyperechoic lines

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17
Q

Main signs that are seen in radiographs with canine heart worm.

A

Right ventricular enlargement, prominent pulmonary artery at 1 o’clock (INVERTED D), enlarged lobar arteries(pruned or truncated).

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18
Q

What diagnostic tool is useful to characterize the severity of the LUNG lesions.

A

Radiographs

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19
Q

What diagnostic tool is used to confirm severity of disease in the heart?

A

Ultrasound

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20
Q

Goals of canine heart worm therapy.

A
  1. Begin animal on prophylaxis to prevent further infections
  2. Manage signs of moderate or severe lung disease and heart failure
  3. Kill microfilaria to stop the dog from being a source of infection
  4. Adulticide therapy
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21
Q

Preventatives kill what stage and age of larvae?

A

L3 and L4 up to 1 month of age

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22
Q

What preventative kills juveniles over 4 months of age?

A

Melarsomine

23
Q

What drug could you add to the prophylaxis treatment that should kill Wolbachia and results in less lung pathology following adulticide therapy?

A

Doxycycline

24
Q

At what age should you start a dog on prophylaxis?

A

6-8 weeks of age

25
Q

What needs to be done to improve owner compliance of prophylaxis ?

A

Administer year round in all areas

26
Q

Breaks under __________ months of prophylaxis administration should be reintroduced asap and then test the animal 7 months after the beginning of lapse in treatment.

A

5-7 months

Over 5-7 months of break should be tested first and then put on prophylaxis.

27
Q

Term used to describe if treatments are missed for 3-4 months and then given for a year, there is still protection.

A

Reach Back Effect

28
Q

Daily treatment effective against L3, L4 and microfilaria.

A

Diethylcarbamzaine

29
Q

Monthly treatment that kills L3/L4 and most adult worms over 2-3 years.

A

Ivermectin

30
Q

This drug can safely be given to Collies at a prophylactic dose.

A

Ivermectin

31
Q

What drug is combined with Ivermectin that helps in killing adult worms in 9 months and when given prior to melarsomine therapy can decrease lung pathology?

A

Doxycycline

32
Q

What treatment is effective against L3/L4 and is highly effective against microfilaria?

A

Milbemycin

Interceptor/ Sentinel

33
Q

Monthly topical used in dogs and cats and approved in heartworm positive dogs because it sucks at killing adults and microfilaria.

A

Selamectin aka Revolution

34
Q

Only product registered as a microfilaricide.

A

Moxidectin aka Advantage Multi, Proheart

35
Q

Heart worm is caused by _______, transmitted by mosquitos.

A

Dirofilaria immitis

36
Q

Remember that aspirin does NOT work!

A

Don’t use it!!

37
Q

Heart failure as a result of heart worm should be controlled with what 4 drugs for 2 weeks before beginning adulticide treatment.

A
  1. Furosemide
  2. Arterial vasodilators
  3. Low sodium diet
  4. Digoxin/ Pimobendan
38
Q

Pretreatment with what 2 drugs may prevent reactions from occurring during microfilaria therapy.

A
  1. Benadryl

2. Dexmethasone

39
Q

What drug given with Ivermectin can reduce the risk of the development of resistance?

A

Doxycycline

40
Q

Worms that survive after adulticide therapy are usually what kind of worms?

A

Antigen producing females

41
Q

Heartworm antigen test should be negative by _______ weeks post adulticide treatment.

A

16 weeks

42
Q

Why isn’t Thiacetarsamide (Caparsolate) no longer used?

A

Because it causes kidney and liver toxicities.

43
Q

Drug of choice for heart worm disease

A

Melarsomine.

Rarely causes kidney and liver toxicity.

Use graded kill method for those with severe disease.

44
Q

What condition is an inevitable consequence of successful adulticide therapy?

A

Pulmonary Thromboembolism

45
Q

How long should you put the animal on cage rest after heart worm treatment?

A

4-6 weeks

46
Q

What heart worm medication is given monthly and has slow adulticide activity with kills occurring over a few years?

A

Ivermectin

47
Q

Which treatment can be used in animals with a large number of worms and severe changes in pulmonary vasculature?

A

Surgical removal of adult worms with alligator forceps.

48
Q

Condition that occurs when there are adult D. immits in the pulmonary arteries but no microfilariae (amicrofilaremic).

A

Occult Heartworm Disease

49
Q

Occult Heartworm Disease results from:

A
  • prepatent infections
  • reproductively senile worms
  • unisex infections
  • immune responses of the host from killing the microfilariae or preventing their release from the females
50
Q

Condition where there is a heavy burden of worms (>40) that are in the pulmonary arteries and the right atrium and caudal vena cava.

A

Post caval syndrome

51
Q

Treatment for Post Caval Syndrome

A

Jugular venotomy and removal of worms with forceps or retrieval basket.

52
Q

What species are incidental hosts for heart worm?

A

CATS

53
Q

Occult infection are very rare or very common in cats?

A

VERY COMMON

54
Q

Is heart therapy effective in cats?

A

NOOOO

SAM I Exam II Repeat (2 decks)

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