Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Blood and Cellular Sciences > SALLY > Flashcards

SALLY Flashcards

1
Q

types of tissue/cell morphology?

A

H&E, papanicolaou, special stains
IHC & ICC
light microscopy and EM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ENDoscopy?

A

anywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SIGMOIDoscopy?

A

colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

COLPoscopy?

A

cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

BRONCHoscopy?

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LARYNGoscopy?

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GASTRoscopy?

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ARTHRoscopy?

A

joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CYSToscopy?

A

bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

types of biopsies?

A

needle, shave and punch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cytology sampling methods:

A

fluids contains exfoliated cells
scrapes
impressions
brushings
washings / lavage
needle aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where can you collect samples from?

A

reproductive, urinary, respiratory, and GI tract
body cavities, thyroid, skin, breast, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

advantages of cytology?

A

low cost
low risk
accessibility
rapid
avoids hospitalisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

disadvantages of cytology?

A

subjective
inaccurate in the wrong hands
might not tell you tumour origin, type, grade, stage
might not distinguish invasive vs pre-invasive disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

preparation for cytology samples:

A

direct smearing onto slide
cytocentrifugation onto slide
cell blocks
fixation
LBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does fixation do?

A

prevents cells from degenerating and maintains tissue morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

examples of fixatives?

A

formaldehyde, alcohol, chromic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when would decalcification occur?

A

when dealing with bone samples, removes calcium, doesn’t affect staining

19
Q

what does processing a sample involve?

A

dehydration, clearing and impregnation

20
Q

last 3 steps to prepare samples are?

A

embedding, sectioning and freezing

21
Q

vital stain?

A

tryphan blue

22
Q

What are the types of light microscopy?

A

Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast, Polarized light

Polarized light is used for crystal structures.

23
Q

What is the primary method of visualization in microscopy?

A

Staining

Unstained tissues are difficult to see.

24
Q

Name three natural dyes used in staining.

A
  • Saffron (crocus)
  • Cochineal
  • Hematoxylin (from wood of Haematoxylum campechianum)
25
Q

What are the two main staining methods?

A
  • Staining with dyes
  • Impregnation with metallic salts
  • Formation of colored compounds by means of chemical reactions
26
Q

What is the role of chromophore in dyes?

A

Confers color to the dye.

27
Q

What is the role of auxochrome in dyes?

A

Confers charge to the dye.

28
Q

What is H&E staining?

A

A staining method using Hematoxylin and Eosin.

29
Q

What color does Hematoxylin stain nuclei?

A

Blue / purple.

30
Q

What color does Eosin stain cytoplasm and connective tissue?

A

Varying shades of pink / red.

31
Q

What is the function of a mordant in staining?

A

Helps Hematein bind to tissues.

32
Q

Optimal pH for eosin?

A

pH of 4.5-5.0 for optimal binding.

33
Q

What is metachromasia?

A

a disorder when certain stains cause cells and tissues to change color significantly from the stain’s original color

Metachromatic dyes change color when added to tissues without changing chemical structure.

34
Q

Give an example of a metachromatic dye.

A
  • Methylene blue
  • Methyl violet
  • Toluidine blue
35
Q

What is the Argyophil reaction?

A

reduces AgNO3 to metallic silver
requires a reducing agent

36
Q

What is the Argentaffin reaction?

A

Does not require a reducing agent.

used in impregnation with metallic salts

37
Q

What is an example of a chemical reaction in staining?

A

direct reaction between solution and tissue to give coloured product / intermediate

e.g. Perl’s reaction for hemosiderin, PAS, HRP & DAB

38
Q

What does immunocytochemistry demonstrate?

A

Antigens in tissues or smears using specific antibody-antigen interactions.

39
Q

What does the ABP amplification of signal stand for?

A

A = avidin, B = biotin, P = peroxidase.

40
Q
A
41
Q

What is antigen retrieval?

A

Process to remove cross-links that affect antibody binding.

42
Q

What early method was used for restoration of staining?

A

Acid as formalin as fixative.

43
Q

What are some considerations for optimizing staining protocols?

A
  • Buffer type and volume
  • Time of treatment
  • Number of slides
  • Cooling time

Blood and Cellular Sciences (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions