Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > Salivation and swallowing > Flashcards

Salivation and swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

• Hydrate food
• Aids movement of tongue during speech
o Mucins (glycoproteins) help with the lubrication
• Keeps teeth healthy due to saliva having antibacterial properties
• Saliva acts as first line of defence against pathogenic food that has been injested
• Saliva is a solvent that can dissolve flavour molecules
• It begins the process of digestion (amylase and lingual lipase)
• Transmits infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the medical word for reduced flow of saliva in the oral cavity and what are its consequences?

A

xerostomia

  • get a VERY dry mouth
  • Can cause difficulty swallowing, mouth ulcers, dental cavities and oral candidiasis, bad breath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why can xerostomia cause oral candidiasis?

A

because there is no saliva there to protect the mouth against the fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What causes xerostomia?

A

drug side affects (SSRI)
blocked noses and breathing through mouth
radiotherapy to head
salivary gland surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A
  • mostly water
  • has potassium and bicarbonate
  • IgA
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of K+ and HCO3- in the saliva?

A

makes it slightly acidic (pH 8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do IgA do in the saliva?

A

secrete immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does lactoferrin do in the saliva?

A

-sequesters iron meaning it holds on to it so bacteria don’t get to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is saliva made hypotonic?

A
  • ductal modification where more ions are reabsorbed from saliva than secreted
  • the ductal cells are relatively impermeable to water
  • the overall effect is more ions are removed from saliva than water
  • tonicity varies the flow rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What salivary glands are the largest?

A

parotid glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the parotid glands?

A

they pass over the masseyter muscle and pierce the buccinator
-can be found lateral t the second top molar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are the submandibular glands?

A

They open on the medial side of the most floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the sublingual glans?

A

they open on the later side of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the neural control of the salivary glands?

A

-via the autonomic nervous system with the parasympathetics being the main driver of salivary secretion (increasing secretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What nerve are the sublingual and submandibular glands innervated by?

A

facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What nerve is the parotid gland innervated by?

A

glossopharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the sympathetics do?

A

stimulates small amounts of saliva secretion but also causes vasoconstriction if there is too much stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What drugs have a side effect of dry mouth?

A

anti-muscarinic drugs e.g. SSRI’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are MUMPS?

A

also known as paratoiditis

-very painful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why are mumps so painful?

A

the parotid gland has a tight capsule surrounding it (innervated by the trigeminal nerve) so when swollen, it causes severe pain

21
Q

How would you palpate the sublingual glands?

A

one finger in the mouth and one under the chin

22
Q

How would you image the parotid glands?

A

using parotid sialography
-catheter is inserted into duct of parotid and contrast is injected to see structures of the gland
-where contrast doesn’t reach could indicate pathology blocking the route
(can be used for other glands too not just parotid)

23
Q

What are the stages of swallowing?

A
  • oral preparatory phase
  • pharyngeal phase
  • oesophageal phase
24
Q

What occurs in the oral preparatory phase?

A

the bolus of food is pushed towards the pharynx

-once bolus touches the pharyngeal wall, the pharyngeal phase begins

25
Q

What occurs in the pharyngeal phase?

A

the soft palate seals off nasopharynx

  • the pharyngeal constrictor muscles push the bolus down
  • the larynx elevates closing the epiglottis
  • the vocal cords adduct and breathing temporarily ceases
  • the upper oesophageal sphincter opens
26
Q

Why does the nasopharynx need to be sealed off?

A

you dolt want food or liquid going into the nasal cavity

27
Q

How does the larynx elevate?

A

due to supra hyoid muscles

28
Q

Why does the epiglottis close?

A

passively through elevation of the larynx

29
Q

What occurs the oesophageal phase?

A
  • closure of the upper oesophageal sphincter

- peristaltic wave carries bolus downwards into the oesophagus

30
Q

Which phases are voluntary/involuntary?

A

oral preparatory phase is voluntary

pharyngeal and oesophageal are involuntary

31
Q

How can babies breath and suck milk out of the breast at the same time?

A

babies have a short neck so the epiglottis sits higher so diverts milk laterally when feeding

  • the epiglottis elevates into the nasopharynx
  • also neurologically immature so are at risk of aspiration due to immature swallowing reflex
32
Q

Describe the gag reflex?

A
  • when bolus touches mechanoreceptors in the pharyngeal wall
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (afferent sensory)
  • medulla (information received that food is ready to swallow)
  • vagus nerve (motor nerve to pharynx)
  • pharyngeal constrictors
33
Q

Where is the gag reflex?

A

-more anterior in children and moves posterior in adults

34
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing

35
Q

Why can babies only have fluids in their early life?

A

tongue thrust reflex - more prominent gag reflex to reject solids or anything else until they are 6 months old as they are not developed enough to consume anything but milk

36
Q

When may a patient present with dysphagia?

A
  • post stroke

- oesophageal tumour

37
Q

Why would someone get dysphagia post stroke?

A
  • the part of the brain controlling swallowing may be infarcted as it is close to the brain supplying the day and so may be left with difficult swallowing
  • damage to facial expression muscles and pharyngeal muscles
38
Q

How would a patient with post-stroke dysphagia present?

A

patient will cough and splutter immediately when trying to swallow something

39
Q

Why would someone get dysphagia with an oesophageal tumour?

A

impinge into the lumen of the oesophagus which narrows it so food can get caught giving the feeling of food sticking (fluids go down easy)
-red flag is associated with weight loss

40
Q

What can a patient post stroke at risk of?

A

if they can’t coordinate swallowing, they are at risk of aspiration pneumonia which kills a lot of stroke patients

41
Q

How can you combat this risk of aspiration pneumonia in post stroke patients?

A

-put patient on IV fluid until confirmed that swallowing is safe!

42
Q

How many narrowing are there in the oesophagus?

A

4

  • junction with the pharynx
  • where the arch of the aorta crosses over the oesophagus
  • where the bronchi branch of the left lobe crosses over
  • just before to pierces the diaphragm (oesophageal hiatus)
43
Q

Where does the oesophagus run?

A

down the posterior mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm at T10
-the top is made from skeletal muscle (voluntary) but at the end it is smooth muscle (involuntary)

44
Q

NOTE

A

Due to the cartilage the trachea is lined with, if a large food bolus is swallowed, when it reaches the part of the oesophagus where the left bronchi branch crosses over, it can be VERY painful

45
Q

What is GORD?

A

gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

-dangerous if left untreated

46
Q

What happens in GORD?

A
  • the bolus from the stomach refluxes into the oesophagus

- it CAN cause metaplasia

47
Q

What is barrats oesopahgus?

A

due to repeated insult from the stomach, metaplasia can occur from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium

48
Q

How is GORD prevented?

A
  • lower oesophageal sphincter (diaphragm compresses it)
  • angle at which the oesophagus enters the stomach is oblique forming a flap valve preventing the reflux
  • mucosal rosette at the cardia which increases the surface area of the mucosa

GI (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions