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salivary glands Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of salivary glands?

A

compound, tubule acinar (formed of acini and ducts), merocrine (secretion from cells go to the lumen by exocytosis), exocrine glands that produce and secrete saliva which flow to the oral cavity through ducts

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2
Q

What does the word compound mean in salivary glands?

A

duct is divided to multiple branches

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3
Q

What is the development of salivary glands?

A
  • salivary glands begins as epithelial proliferation in the form of ball of cells which later will form the acini (bud formation)
  • cells proliferate and grow forming cords of cells
  • cords of cells begins to branch and lobulated
  • cells in middle of branches begin to degenerate and canalisation occurs forming the ducts
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4
Q

What is the order of development of salivary glands?

A
  • parotid gland (4-6 weeks I.U.)
  • submandibular salivary gland (6-7 weeks I.U.)
  • sublingual salivary gland (8-12 weeks I.U.)
  • minor glands
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5
Q

What rea the classifications of salivary glands?

A
  • according to site
  • according to size
  • according to secretion
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6
Q

What is an ectodermal gland?

A

parotid gland

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7
Q

What are some endodermal glands?

A
  • sublingual glands
  • submandibular glands
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8
Q

What is the classification of salivary glands according to site?

A
  • oral cavity proper
  • oral vestibule glands
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9
Q

What are the glands found in the oral cavity proper?

A
  • palatine glands (of hard and soft palates and uvula)
  • glossopalatine glands
  • lingual glands (Blandin-Nuhn, weber glands, von Ebner glands)
  • sublingual glands (major and minor)
  • submandibular glands
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10
Q

Which salivary lands are found under the tongue?

A
  • sublingual glands (major and minor)
  • submandibular gland
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11
Q

Which part of the hard and soft palate are palatine glands found?

A

posterior part of hard and soft palate

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12
Q

What are the glands found in the oral vestibule?

A
  • labial glands (upper and lower)
  • buccal glands
  • parotid glands
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13
Q

What is the classification of salivary glands according to size?

A
  • major salivary glands
  • minor salivary glands
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14
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A
  • parotid gland
  • submandibular glands
  • sublingual (major) gland
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15
Q

What are the minor salivary glands?

A
  • labial and buccal glands
  • palatine glands
  • weber gland
  • minor sublingual glands
  • glossopalatine gland
  • von Ebner gland
  • Blandin-Nuhn glands
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16
Q

What is the classification of salivary glands according to nature of secretion?

A
  • pure serous glands
  • pure mucous glands
  • mixed glands
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17
Q

What are the pure serous glands?

A
  • parotid glands in adults
  • von Ebner glands
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18
Q

What are the pure mucous glands?

A
  • labial gland
  • anterior part of Blandin-Nuhn
  • weber glands
  • palatine glands
  • glossopalatine glands
  • minor sublingual glands
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19
Q

Which salivary glands form mucous rings?

A
  • weber glands
  • glossopalatine glands
  • palatine glands
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20
Q

What is the function of mucous rings?

A
  • ease swallowing
  • moistening of food
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21
Q

What are the mixed glands?

A

mixed predominant serous
- submandibular gland
- parotid glands of infant
mixed predominant mucous
- buccal gland
- major sublingual gland
- posterior part of Blandin-Nuhn glands

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22
Q

What is the structure of salivary gland?

A
  • parenchymal tissue (epithelial part)
  • connective tissue elements
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23
Q

What is inside parenchymal tissue (epithelial part)?

A
  • secretory terminal portions (acini): serous, mucous, mixed
  • duct system
  • myoepithelial cells
  • oncocytes
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24
Q

What does the duct system consist of?

A
  • intercalated discs
  • striated duct
  • excretory
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25
Q

What is found in the C.T. elements?

A
  • capsule around major gland
  • septa (makes lobes and lobules)
  • nerves
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatics
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26
Q

What are the general characteristics of serous acini?

A
  • small in size
  • spherical in shape
  • narrow lumen
  • high refractive index (dark coloured)
  • contains pyramidal serous cells
  • serous cells contains zymogen granules
  • numerous intercellular canaliculi
  • rich in proteins
  • very well-developed RER
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27
Q

What are the general characteristics of mucous acini?

A
  • large in size
  • tubular in shape
  • wide lumen
  • low refractive index (light coloured)
  • lined by short or flattened mucous cells
  • mucous cells contains mucigen granules
  • no intercellular canaliculi (space is not visualised)
  • foamy cytoplasm
28
Q

What are the characteristics of serous cells under the light microscope?

A
  • serous cells are specialised
  • for synthesis, storage and secretion of protein material
  • secretions has high enzymatic action
  • serous cell is pyramidal in shape, having a broad base resting on a basement membrane and a narrow apex bordering a narrow lumen
  • nucleus is spherical in shape and located in the basal portion of the cell
  • cytoplasm is strongly basophilic due to its high content of RNA
  • apical cytoplasm is filled with eosinophilic secretory granules known as zymogen granules
  • granules are stained with H&E
29
Q

What are the characteristics of mucous cells under the light microscope?

A
  • mucous cells help in synthesis, storage and secretion of protein material linked to carbohydrate material forming mucous
  • secretion has a smaller enzymatic component than serous cells
  • mucous cells are low pyramidal in shape and larger than the serous cells
  • has a broader apex bordering a wide lumen
  • nucleus is oval or flattened and located toward its base surrounded with a thin rim of cytoplasm
  • cytoplasm is small in amount and is acidophilic with less amount of RNA
  • apical cytoplasm is filled with mucous secretory droplets of high carbohydrate content mucigen granules
  • with H&E, apical part of the cell appears empty because these granules are poorly stained and have foamy appearance
30
Q

What are the characteristics of serous cells under the electron microscope?

A
  • basal cytoplasm contains abundant RER packed basally and laterally to the nucleus
  • Golgi apparatus consists of several stacks of 4-6 in number
  • the inner concave surface (trans face) oriented toward the secretory surface of the cell
  • the outer convex (cis surface)
  • secretory granules could be immature or condensing vesicles of variable sizes and densities located in the Golgi region or electron dense mature located at apical cytoplasm between Golgi apparatus and lumen
  • mitochondria contains oxidative enzyme
  • free ribosomes (concerned with the synthesis of non-secretory cellular protein
  • lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes to destroy foreign materials taken by cells or portions of cell as worn out mitochondria or organelles
  • bundles of monofilaments (desmosomes), microfilaments, few microtubules
  • gap junction between cells is specialised intercellular junctions which allow passage of ions and small molecules between the interiors of joined cells
31
Q

What are the characteristics of mucous cells under the electron microscope?

A
  • same organelles are present and mainly limited to a tin cytoplasm at basal and lateral region of the cell
  • Golgi apparatus is extensive consisting of as many as 10-12 flattened saccules it plays role in addition of the large amount of carbohydrate to the secretory product
  • secretory granules are larger and more irregular in shape have the serous granules
  • mucous droplets are electron-lucent
32
Q

What are the characteristics of mixed secretory terminal portion?

A
  • separate serous and mucous units may exist in addition to secretory units composed of both cell types
  • in the later arrangement, mucous cells forma typical tubular portion that is capped at the blind end by crescents of several serous cells known as crescent of Giannuzzi or demilunes of von Ebner
  • secretion of demilune cells reaches the lumen trough intercellular canaliculi
33
Q

WHat is the function of Giannuzzi or demilunes of von Ebner?

A
  • flushing for movement of mucous secretion
34
Q

What is the lining of intercalated ducts?

A

single layer of low cuboidal cells with centrally placed nucleus and little cytoplasm

35
Q

What is the function of intercalated ducts?

A
  • transfer saliva from acini to the striated ducts
  • have function of secretion of secretory granules
  • secretion of antibacterial enzymes as lysozyme and lactoferrin
  • capable of reabsorbing proteins from lumen
36
Q

What is the lining of striated duct?

A

single layer of tall columnar epithelial cells that have large spherical and centrally placed nucleus

37
Q

What are the functions of striated duct?

A
  • transport saliva from the intercalated duct to the excretory duct
  • secretion from intercalated duct is modified through its passage in the striated duct, it goes t the duct as isotonic protein content (high sodium and chloride content and low potassium content) –> as it passes along the duct, its composition changes to hypotonic fluid with low sodium and chloride concentrations –> sodium reabsorbed into cells from luminal fluid at same time active transport of potassium occurs in the opposite direction to the lumen –> bicarbonate ions absorb water under normal conditions of flow, those ionic changes result in the formation of a hypotonic solution
  • help in iodine concentration
  • help in protein reabsorption
  • growth factors as (epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor) are localised in this duct especially in animals
38
Q

What is special about intercalated ducts?

A

the only duct with secretory function

39
Q

What is the lining of interlobular excretory ducts?

A

columnar cells without basal striations

40
Q

What is the lining of interlobar excretory ducts?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

41
Q

What is the lining of main excretory ducts?

A

same lining of oral cavity (stratified squamous epithelium)

42
Q

What is the function oF excretory ducts?

A
  • capable of modifying saliva through process of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion
  • transport saliva from striated duct to oral cavity
43
Q

What are the characteristics of myoepithelial cells?

A
  • octopus or spider like that embrace the secretory and the duct cells
  • spindle small body cells with flattened nucleus, and numerous long branching processes
  • cytoplasm contains fine actin
    filaments
  • these are contractile cell located around the terminal secretory
    units and the intercalated duct, situated between the basal lamina
    and the basal plasma membrane of the parenchymal cells
  • the cell contraction help to squeeze the saliva from the acini and intercalated ducts
44
Q

What are oncocytes?

A
  • large pale-staining eosinophilic cell, tends to be found in the
    ducts
  • these cells probably represent an age change, which could be dormand or can be the origin for salivary glans tumor
45
Q

What are connective tissue elements?

A

supports the parenchemal elements, It forms a capsule around the gland and extend into it dividing it into lobes and lobules

46
Q

What are the cells that form cnnective tissue elements?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • mast cels
  • fat cells
  • plasma cells
47
Q

What are the fibers that form cnnective tissue elements?

A
  • collagen fibers
  • reticular fibers
48
Q

What is the ground substance that forms cnnective tissue elements?

A
  • glycproteins
  • proteoglycans
49
Q

What are the nerves that form cnnective tissue elements?

A
  • subepithelial terminals
  • intraepithelial terminals
50
Q

What are subepithelial terminals?

A

the innervations occurs in the connective tissue adjacent to the
secretory terminal portion, duct system and the myoepithelial cells

51
Q

What are intraepithelial terminals?

A
  • the innervations crosses the basal lamina and ends near to the cell
    membrane of the epithelial cells of the secretory terminal portions,
    myoepithelial cells and rarely the duct system
  • parasympathetic stimulation enhance watery saliva, whereas the
    sympathetic stimulation enhance viscous, higher in organic content
    and comparatively less in quantity secretion
  • each major salivary gland has a branch that innervate it
  • hormones can cause modification of the salivary constituents
  • the blood vessels and nerves follow the course of the excretory
    duct then branching to accompany the striated ducts then the course of intercalated ducts and form a plexus under the striated ducts and the terminal portions
52
Q

What are the characteristics of parotid salivary glands?

A
  • the largest
  • secretes 25-30% of saliva
  • its superficial portion lies subcutaneously
  • its deeper portion lies behind the ramus
  • main duct: Stinson’s duct open in vestibule opposite to upper 2nd molar
53
Q

What is the histology of parotid SG?

A
  • pure serous in adult and mixed in infant and old age
  • C.T. capsule surround it and send septa to divide the gland into lobes and lobules
  • well developed intercalated duct
54
Q

What are the characteristics of submandibular SG?

A
  • second in size
  • secretes 60-70% of secretion
  • lies in the submandibular triangle below the free border of the mylohyoid muscle with small extension above it
55
Q

What is the histology of submandibular SG?

A
  • mixed predominantly serous
  • main duct: Wharton’s duct
  • extensive connective tissue capsule
  • striated ducts longer than those of the parotid
56
Q

What are the characteristics of sublingual SG?

A
  • the smallest
  • secretes 5% or less of saliva
  • lies between floor of the mouth & mylohyoid muscle
  • major-Bartholin’s duct opens near sumand.duct
  • minor-Rivinus ducts 8-10 open in sublingual fold
57
Q

What is the histology of sublingual SG?

A
  • major gland is mixed predominantly mucous
  • minor glands are pure mucous
  • poorly defined C.T. capsule with prominent C.T. septa
  • secretes 5% or less of saliva
58
Q

What are the characteristics of minor glands?

A
  • distributed throughout the submucosa
  • secrete 7% of saliva
  • lack distinct capsule, small, discrete masses
  • possesses numerous short ducts that open directly in the oral cavity
  • secrete high amount of IgA concentration
59
Q

What are the characteristics of labial and buccal salivary glands?

A
  • present on the surface of the orbicularis oris muscle while in the buccal mucosa they are present on the surface and in between the buccinator muscle
  • buccal glands duct open in the third molar area and are known as molar gland
60
Q

What are the chatacreistics of palatine glands?

A
  • pure mucous
  • in hard palate: 200
  • soft Palate:100
  • uvula: 12
61
Q

What re the characteristics of Blandin-nuhn SG?

A
  • anterior part is mucous
  • posterior part is mixed mucous
  • open in the ventral surface
62
Q

What are the characteristics of von ebner SG?

A
  • pure serous
  • under circumvallate and folliate papillae
  • washing function
  • contain amylase and lipase enzyme
63
Q

What are the characteristics of weber sG?

A
  • pure mucous
  • open in the lingual crypt
64
Q

What are the functions of salivry glands?

A
  • the most important function is saliva production and secretion
  • play a major role in iodine metabolism, since the cells of the
    striated ducts are engaged in iodine concentration
  • the parotid gland secrete a hormone called parotinin
  • they secrete lots of enzymes and protein active substances of multiple effects e.g. peroxidase, lysosyme, thiocyanate, sialin
    and amylase
  • salivary gland of certain animals species are active in producing
    growth factors as epidermal &nerve growth factor involved in wound healing.
  • the plasma cells found in the stroma of the salivary glands form
    salivary immunogloblins particularly IgA which plays a role in the
    mucosal immune mechanism of the oral cavity
65
Q

What are the age changes of SG?

A
  • fatty degenerative change
  • atrophy of a part or a whole terminal portion with its replacement by fibrous tissue (fibrosis)
  • accumulation of lymphocytes in the stroma
  • decrease in the salivary secretion which leads to xerstomia
  • oncocyte cells in number and may form neoplasm in old people

oral bio (5 decks)

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