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Human Epithelial Biology > Salivary function and secretion > Flashcards

Salivary function and secretion Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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2
Q

What duct is related to the parotid gland?

A

Duct of Stensen

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3
Q

Where does the duct of stensen enter the mouth?

A

opposite second maxillary molar tooth

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4
Q

What is the duct of stensen otherwise known as?

A

Parotid duct

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5
Q

What duct is related to the submandibular gland?

A

Duct of wharton

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6
Q

What is a salivon?

A

The salivary functional unit

made up of secretory acinus and ducts

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7
Q

What is the secretory acinus?

A

The secretory cells which make the saliva

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8
Q

What are the major ducts sublingual glands?

A

Duct of Rivinus and common Bartholin

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9
Q

What does the salivary gland consist of?

A

An external capsule
Septae separating the tissue inside the glands into lobes and lobules
Lobules consisting of salivons

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10
Q

What cells surround the acini to secrete the saliva?

A

Myocontractile cells

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11
Q

What does a salivon consist of?

A

Secretory acinus
Intercalated duct
Striated duct

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12
Q

What is the route of fluid movement in the salivon?

A

Acinus -> Intercalated duct -> Striated duct -> Excretory duct

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13
Q

What do the striated ducts unite to form?

A

Interlobular ducts

Excretory ducts

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14
Q

What forms the acinus?

A

Pyramidal-shaped secretory acinar cells (the apex is directed into the lumen) - around the central lumen

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15
Q

What are the two types of acinar cells?

A

serous cells

mucous cells

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16
Q

Describe the serous cells

A

produce a watery solution rich in alpha amylase

contain small, dense, secretory granules

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17
Q

Describe the mucous cells

A

produce a thick mucous rich solution

large, pale, secretory granules

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18
Q

The order of structures in the salivon

A

contractile myoepithelial cells -> serous demilunes -> acinus (serous or mucous cells) -> intercalated duct -> striated duct -> excretory duct

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19
Q

What are the two stages of saliva formation?

A

1) Primary secretion by acinar cells

2) Seocondary modification by duct cells

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20
Q

What happens in the primary secretion part of saliva formation?

A

An isotonic solution compared to plasma formed due to the secretion of Na+, Cl- and H20 into the lumen from the acinar cells

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21
Q

What happens in the secondary modification part of saliva formation?

A

An hypotonic solution forms compared to the plasma due to secretion of K+ and HCO3- from the duct cell to the lumen and secretion of Cl- and Na+ (NOT WATER) into the blood vessel from the duct cell

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22
Q

Functions of saliva

A 
lubrication 
protection 
digestion
others:
- secretions prior to vomiting 
- facilitates suckling by infants
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23
Q

What is the function of lubrication used for?

A
  • aids movement
  • facilitates speech
  • helps chewing and swallowing
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24
Q

State 2 examples of why protection is important in saliva function

A

high calcium salt content helps to prevent demineralisation of tooth enamel
lysozyme attacks bacterial cell wall

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25
Q

State 2 examples of why digestion function is important in saliva

A

alpha amylase breaks down carbohydrates and then continues in the stomach
lingual lipase initiates fat digestion

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26
Q

What acinar cells are present in the parotid gland?

A

Serous cells

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27
Q

What acinar cells are present in the submandibular glands?

A

both serous cells and mucous cells

28
Q

What acinar cells are present in the sublingual glands?

A

mainly mucous cells

29
Q

As the flow rate increases, what is the effect on K+ and HCO3-?

A

HCO3- increases

K+ decreases

30
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

CN VII

31
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the parotid glands

A

CN IX

32
Q

Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on saliva secretion

A

increase synthesis and secretion of alpha amylase
increase fluid flow
increase contraction of the myoepithelial cells
increase blood flow to glands

Produces watery saliva

33
Q

Which muscarinic receptors does ACh work on to cause saliva production down the parasympathetic route

A

M1 and M2

34
Q

How does ACh effect the acini cells?

A

causes an increase in calcium concentration which drives fluid secretion in a complicated manner

35
Q

Effects of sympathetic stimulation on saliva secretion

A

increase secretion of alpha amylase, K+ and HCO3-
increase contraction of myoepithelial cells
decrease blood flow to glands

Produces mucous thick saliva

36
Q

What receptors mediate sympathetic saliva production?

A

a1-adrenoreceptors which increase [Ca2+]

b1-adrenoreceptors which increase [cAMP]

37
Q

What is the effect of calcium on the sympathetic saliva production?

A

stimulate fluid secretion

38
Q

What is the effect of cAMP on the sympathetic saliva production?

A

increases the production of protein

39
Q

Is ENaC a voltage activated Na+ channel?

A

NO

40
Q

What activates ENaC?

A

Aldosterone

41
Q

How is an increase in [Ca2+]i produced?

A

Initiated by release of Ca2+ from the ER following activation of M1 and M3
Sustained by store-operated calcium entry (SOCE)

42
Q

Which two receptors are activated by IP3

A

IP3R2 and IP3R3

43
Q

How is IP3 formed?

A

Hydrolysis of PIP2

44
Q

What causes IP3 generation?

A

Gq/11 coupling to M1 and M3 and PLCbeta3

45
Q

Where does the initial signal of Ca2+ arise in the acinar cell?

A

apical pole

46
Q

What type of messenger is IP3?

A

Secondary messenger

47
Q

What is the effect of increased [Ca2+] on IP3 receptors?

A

As the concentration increases, there is an increase in the IP3 receptor activity to a peak and then it falls

48
Q

What is the receptor on the ER responsible for Ca2+ release called?

A

Ryanodine receptor

49
Q

What initiates SOCE?

A

Any stimuli which detect a depletion of the Ca2+ ER store, e.g.

  • Any stimulus which generates IP3
  • Pharmacological inhibition of SERCA
50
Q

What detects a decrease in Ca2+ in the ER store?

A

STIMs

51
Q

How are the ER stores refilled?

A

By SERCA

52
Q

Example of an inhibitor of SERCA

A

Thapsigargin (Tg)

53
Q

What type of STIM is in the salivary glands?

A

STIM1

54
Q

What is STIM1

A

A calcium sensing protein

55
Q

What happens to STIM1 when the ER stores are depleted?

A

undergoes a conformational change and they physically couple to the cells on the plasma membrane receptors

56
Q

Which EF hand motif binds calcium in STIM?

A

Canonical EF (cEF)

57
Q

Which EF hand motif does not bind calcium in STIM?

A

Hidden EF (hEF)

58
Q

When calcium is present, what motif binds to EF when calcium is present?

A

SAM

59
Q

What is puncta?

A

When in the absence of calcium, the STIM1 aggregates in the ER to the plasma membrane

60
Q

What are the two components of the C terminus of STIM1?

A

Coiled coil 1 (cc1) and coiled coil 2 (cc2)

61
Q

What is Orai1

A

A store operated channel

62
Q

What does the STIM1 CC2 domain present to Orai1?

A
  • STIM1 Orai-activating regions (SOAR)

- Calcium activating domains (CAD)

63
Q

How does Ca2+ entry occur?

A

Through clustering of Orai1 channels close to the puncta

64
Q

What is TRPC1?

A

A selective ion channel which conducts Ca2+ and is present on acinar cells

65
Q

How is TRPC1 activated?

A

By the polybasic-rich K domain on STIM1

Human Epithelial Biology (6 decks)

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