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Human Epithelial Biology > Pharmacology and physiology of the Small Intestine > Flashcards

Pharmacology and physiology of the Small Intestine Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Jejunum
Ileum
Duodenum

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2
Q

What products does the small intestine receive?

A

chyme from the stomach
pancreatic juice from pancreas
bile from the gall bladder

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3
Q

Which sphincter does the pancreatic juices and bile come from?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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4
Q

What does the small intestine secrete?

A

Succus entericus (intestinal juice)

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5
Q

What types of stimuli influence the small intestine?

A

Mechanical
Neuronal
Hormonal

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6
Q

How is the surface area of the small intestine increased?

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvilli

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7
Q

What is the villi made of?

A

Epithelial cells
Endothelial cells
Exocrine cells
Mucous secreting cells

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8
Q

What are the villi?

A

The circular folds which have an associated epithelium

the folded epithelium is the villi

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9
Q

Describe the villi vascular supply

A

Each villi has it’s own vascular supply in capillaries

In the lumen, there is a central lacteal vessel which drains into the lymph vessels then into the systemic circulation

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10
Q

What are the microvilli?

A

The apical membrane of the epithelial cells are folded into microvilli
Gives a brush border appearance

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11
Q

What are the small intestine hormones?

A 
Gastrin 
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Secretin 
Motilin 
Glucagon like insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)
Ghrelin
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12
Q

Where is gastrin made?

A

G cells in the gastric antrum and duodenum

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13
Q

Where is CCK made?

A

From I cells of duodenum and jejunum

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14
Q

Where is secretin made?

A

From S cells of duodenum

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15
Q

where is the motilin made?

A

From M cells of duodenum and jejunum

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16
Q

Where is GIP made?

A

K cells of the duodenum and jejunum

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17
Q

Where is GLP-1 made?

A

L cells of the gut

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18
Q

What are GIP and GLP-1?

A

Incretins

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19
Q

What is the function of GIP and GLP-1?

A

Acts on the beta cells and makes them release insulin and makes them more sensitive to insulin - feed forward mechanism - happens before blood glucose levels begin to rise

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20
Q

Where is ghrelin made?

A

Gr cells of the gastric antrum, small intestine and elsewhere

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21
Q

What does the succus entericus contain?

A

Mucus - for protection/ lubrication
Aqueous salt - for enzymatic digestion
No digestive enzymes

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22
Q

Where is the mucus from?

A

The goblet cells

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23
Q

Where is the aqueous salt from?

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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24
Q

What mediates brush border digestion?

A

Digestive enzymes at the surface of the epithelial cells

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25
Q

What is the process of succus entericus formation similar to?

A

primary secretion formation in salivary glands

26
Q

What initiates small intestine segmentation?

A

The small intestine pacemaker cells

27
Q

What activates segmentation of the duodenum?

A

distension

28
Q

What activates segmentation of the empty ileum?

A

Gastrin from the stomach

29
Q

Why is segmentation slow?

A

For nutrient absorption

30
Q

What two ways is chyme mixed in the small intestine?

A

peristalsis and segmentation

31
Q

What are the two types of peristalsis?

A

A few localisation contractions

Migrating motor complex (MMC)

32
Q

Function of MMC

A

Strong peristaltic contractions passing length of the intestine
clears the small intestine of debris, mucus and sloughed epithelial cells between meals

33
Q

What inhibits MMC?

A

Feeding and vagal activity

34
Q

What triggers MMC?

A

Motillin

35
Q

What hormones suppress MMC?

A

gastrin

CCK

36
Q

What are the endocrine pancreatic secretions?

A

insulin and glucagon

37
Q

Where are the endocrine pancreatic secretions secreted into?

A

The blood

38
Q

What are the exocrine pancreatic secretions?

A 
Digestive enzymes (acinar cells)
aqueous NaHCO3- solution (duct cells)
39
Q

where are the exocrine pancreatic secretions secreted into?

A

Duodenum collectively as pancreatic juice

40
Q

What is the function of secretions from the pancreatic duct cells?

A

Neutralises acidic chyme entering the duodenum

41
Q

Why is neutralisation of acidic chyme important?

A

provides optimum pH for pancreatic enzyme function

protects the mucosa from erosion by acid

42
Q

What are protein enzymes made as?

A

pro-proteases

43
Q

Name the three pro-proteases

A

trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
procarboxypeptidase A and B

44
Q

What enzymes is used in the conversion of trypsinogen?

A

enterokinase

45
Q

Where are the pro-proteases converted into proteases?

A

Duodenum - on the surface of the mucosal cells

46
Q

What do tyrpsin do?

A

Autocatalysis it’s self

Catalyses the conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

47
Q

What is trypsinogen converted to?

A

Trypsin

48
Q

What does chymotrypsin do?

A

converts procarboxypeptidase A and B to carboxypeptidase A and B

49
Q

What are the three phases of controlling pancreatic secretions?

A

Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

50
Q

What mediates the cephalic phase?

A

Vagal stimulation of acinar cells

51
Q

What mediates the gastric phase?

A

Gastric distension evokes a vagovagal reflex resulting in parasympathetic stimulation of acinar and duct cells

52
Q

What is digestion?

A

The enzymatic conversion of complex dietary substances into a form which can be absorbed

53
Q

What is absorption?

A

The process by which absorbable products of digestion are transferred across both the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes

54
Q

What is the vagovagal reflex?

A

A stimulus which is detected by the sensory elements of the vagus, this is then relayed into motor elements of the vagus and causing a feedback response

55
Q

What are the two types of digestion in the small intestine?

A

Luminal digestion

Membrane digestion

56
Q

Describe luminal digestion

A

mediated by pancreatic enzymes secreted from the duodenum

57
Q

Describe membrane digestion

A

mediated by enzymes situated at the brush border epithelial

58
Q

What are enterocytes?

A

The epithelial cells which control membrane digestion

59
Q

Which compound can enter the epithelial cell without being broken down but then has to broken down to enter the interstitial space?

A

Peptide

60
Q

What compound is broken down in the lumen and then reformed in the epithelium?

A

Triacylglycerol

Human Epithelial Biology (6 decks)

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