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Yr 1 oral cavity > Saliva > Flashcards

Saliva Flashcards

1
Q

what is the optimal pH of saliva

A

7.4

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2
Q

what is in the inorganic composition of saliva

A 
Na+ 
Ca2+
F-
HCO3-
PO4-
Cl-
H2O
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3
Q

what is Ca2+ used in saliva and how are they found

A

maintains saliva supersaturated
remineralisation of enamel
free or bound to proteins or calcium phosphate complexes

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4
Q

what is F- used in saliva

A

Enamel protection

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5
Q

what is HCO3- used in saliva

A

buffers by neutralising the acid

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6
Q

what is PO4- used in saliva

A

remineralisation of enamel

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7
Q

how much water is there in saliva

A

99%

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8
Q

under normal pH saliva what happens to the calcium

A

calcium bound to salivary protein

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9
Q

under acidic pH saliva, what happens to the calcium

A

calcium is released from the protein to prevent demineralisation of enamel

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10
Q

what happens as more saliva is produced

A

saliva production increases
inorganic material released increases
more concentrated saliva

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11
Q

what is the main main organic composition of saliva

A 
carbohydrates
glucose
lipids
cortisol
amino acids
urea
ammonia
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12
Q

what are the other things that are part of the organic composition of saliva

A 
CHILLSSMAC
cystatin
histatin
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
lactoferrin
lysozyme
statherin
sialperoxidase
mucin
amylase + lipase
carbonic anhydrase
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13
Q

what is the function of cystatin

A

protease inhibition which host defence mechanism

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14
Q

what is the function of histatin

A

anti fungal activity

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15
Q

what is the function of lactoferrin

A

glycoprotein which removes iron from bacteria

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16
Q

what is the function of lysozyme

A

enzyme hydrolyses peptidoglycans

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17
Q

what is the function of sialperoxidase

A

enzyme that forms hypothocyanite ions to inhibit glycolysis

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18
Q

what is the function of immunoglobulin A

A

agglutinates bacteria to inhibit bacteria sticking to teeth

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19
Q

what is the function of statherin

A

inhibits CaPO4 precipitation or crystallisation + acts as lubricant

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20
Q

what is the function of amylase + lipase

A

digestion + pellicle formation

secreted by Ebner’s glands of tongue in valuate papillae

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21
Q

what is the function of mucin

A

heavy glycosylated protein helps form pellicle
lubricates mouth
helps aggregate bacteria + prevent from sticking to teeth

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22
Q

what is the pellicle + structure and another name for it

A

salivary biofilm
layer of proteins that binds onto enamel surface
proteins organised in layers with specific order
statherins bind directly to enamel and last mucins bind

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23
Q

what is the function of carbonic anhydrase

A

helps make bicarbonate –> buffer

24
Q

what are the functions of the pellicle

A

diffusion barrier - slow down attach by bacterial acids + loss of dissolved calcium + phosphate ions
protective role –> remineralisation + acid buffering

25
Q

what is stimulated saliva flow rate

A

1-2 mL/min

26
Q

what is unstimulated saliva flow rate

A

0.3-0.5 mL/min

27
Q

what are the 2 types of saliva

A

mucous

serous

28
Q

what does mucous saliva contain + characteristics

A

thick
viscous
rich in mucins, mucoproteins, glycoproteins

29
Q

what does serous saliva contain + characteristics

A

thin
watery
rich in ions + enzymes

30
Q

what are the 4 types of salivary glands found in the mouth

A

parotid
Submandibular
sublingual
minor

31
Q

what is the function of the parotid gland

A

serous cells make serous saliva rich in amylase + antibodies

32
Q

what is the function of the submandibular gland

A

serous + mucous saliva mix

33
Q

what is the function of the sublingual gland

A

more mucous than serous with mucoprotein

34
Q

what is the function of the minor gland

A

much more mucous saliva

35
Q

what type of glands are salivary glands

A

exocrine glands

rich in neural + vascular supply

36
Q

how is saliva made and secreted + controlled

A

acini = regions producing saliva
various types to make diff types of saliva
composition of saliva controlled by duct region
secretion depends on reflex activity

37
Q

what are the 3 ducts used in saliva production

A

intercalated ducts
striated
excretory

38
Q

what are intercalated ducts

A

small

lined by cuboidal epithelium

39
Q

what are striated ducts and its function

A

lined by columnar epithelium with central nucleus
deep folding + vascular
modifies saliva composition by removing Na+ Cl- + pump in K+ and bicarbonate

40
Q

what is daily flow rate of saliva

A

600ml/day

41
Q

what effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on saliva production

A

vasodilation + water to be released

42
Q

what effect does sympathetic stimulation have on saliva production

A

exocytosis + increase protein content

43
Q

what does it mean in salivary flow follows a circadian rhythm

A

increased secretion during day + reduced secretion during night –> caries more likely occurs

44
Q

what is stimulated to produce stimulated saliva

A 
gustatory receptors
mechanoreceptors
olfactory receptors
nociceptors
higher centres
psychic (thinking)
visual
thermoreceptive
45
Q

when is stimulated saliva mainly made and when is it made

A

parotid gland 50%

when eating –> due stimulation of sensory receptors+ saliva has increased bicarbonate

46
Q

when is unstimulated saliva mainly made and when is it made

A

submandibular gland
resting + night
saliva has lower phosphate, fluoride + bicarbonate conc

47
Q

what are the main 4 saliva secretion reflexes

A

gustatory - salivary reflex
masticatory - saliva reflex
olfactory - salivary reflex
psychic stimuli

48
Q

what does gustatory - salivary reflex cause

A

increase saliva production responding to acidic agents

49
Q

what does masticatory salivary reflex cause

A

chewing action causes increased saliva production

production directly proportional to masticatory forces

50
Q

what does olfactory - salivary reflex cause

A

food smell causes increased saliva production

51
Q

what does psychic stimuli cause

A

thinking about food causes increased saliva production

52
Q

what is xerostomia and how is it classified

A

low salivary rate
<0.5mL/min stimulated
<0.1mL/min unstimulated

53
Q

what is xerostomia caused by

A

drugs (anti - histamine, cancer, depressants, muscarinic)
head + neck radiation + chemo
salivary gland disease + autoimmune disease
age

54
Q

what does xerostomia increase the risk of

A

caries
periodontitis
candidiasis (thrush)
halitosis

55
Q

what are the 3 diff types of treatment available for xerostomia

A

artificial saliva substitute
pharmacological ( pilocarpine + cevimeline –> stimulate saliva production)
chemical stimulants = citric acid

Yr 1 oral cavity (4 decks)

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