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Oral Histology > Saliva > Flashcards

Saliva Flashcards

1
Q

genetic abnormalities of Major salivary glands

A
  • rare
  • single or multiple glands can be affected
  • in isolation or as developmental abnormalities of the ectoderm or first branchial arch
  • severity depends on glands involved and abnormalilty type (hypofunction vs. total lack of glands)
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2
Q

what are the functions of saliva?

A

protection, buffering, tooth integrity, antimicrobial, tissue repair, digestion and taste

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3
Q

what is the main component of saliva?

A

water

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4
Q

mucins

A

highly glycosylated glycoproteins that are viscous and responsible for lubricating and providing a protective barrier - trap bacteria and sugar

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5
Q

bicarbonate

A

in saliva to buffer acids in the mouth from bacteria or ingestion

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6
Q

calcium-binding proteins

A

proline-rich and statherin that supersaturate saliva with calcium to help with enamel maturation and remineralization

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7
Q

antimicrobial agents in saliva

A

lysozyme, peroxidase, defensins, histatins and IgA (anti-bac, fungal and viral)

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8
Q

growth factors

A

help with tissue repair by wound healing and tissue growth

ex. epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factos

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9
Q

digestion and saliva

A

lubricates (mucins) and enzymes like amylase and lipase that breakdown food

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10
Q

taste

A

tasty molcules first need to be dissolved in water to transport to taste buds

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11
Q

what type of glands are salivary glands?

A

-exocrine

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12
Q

in the absence of stimualtion, what are the normal salivary rates?

A

0.3-0.4 ml/min and the volume of saliva in the mouth is .8 to 1.1 ml (to coat the oral surfaces)

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13
Q

saliva flow during sleep

A

flow rates decrease!

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14
Q

major salivary glands

A

parotid (60%), submand (25%), subling and minor (7-8%)

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15
Q

serous or mucous: parotid?

A

Seroud

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16
Q

S or M: submand?

A

mixed

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17
Q

S or M: subling?

A

mixed

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18
Q

S or M: von ebner?

A

s, source of the lingual lipase (breaks fat)

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19
Q

S or M? other minor glands?

A

pure mucous (major source of mucins)

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20
Q

parotid gland duct

A

stensons (opposite 2nd molar)

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21
Q

submandibular duct

A

whartons on the lingual frenum (wraps around mylohyoud mm.)

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22
Q

subling duct

A

a series of ducts in the sublingual fold behind whartons

**called bartholins and rivinus ducts

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23
Q

salivary gland basic structure

A

parenchyma and stroma
-stroma is CT and parenchyma is epithelium
stroma is supportive (septa and capsule) and parenchyma make and secrete the saliva

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24
Q

stroma

A
  • made of septa and capsule
  • contains fibroblasts that make collagen, nerve and vessels that got o parenchyma, plasma cells (mainly IgG), and fat cells that increase with increasing age
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25
Q

parenchyma

A

2 main components: secretory portion (acini) and ducts

26
Q

how many types of acinar cells?

A

2 - make three types of secretory endpieces (serous, mucous and mixed)
empty into ducts that get progressively larger

27
Q

gland development (time frame)

A

begins in the 6th week IU (parotid first, then submand later in 6th wk, then subling and minor glands btwn the 2nd and 3rd mo IU

28
Q

parenchyma origin

A

epithelium so either ectoderm or endoderm

parotid - ecto, submand - endo or ecto and minor - endo

29
Q

stroma origin

A

neural crest

30
Q

actual process of salivary gland development

A

-protrusion thickened epi cells into mesenchyme, bud forms, e-m interactions, branching and hollowing out (like branched structures such as mammary glands, lung etc..)

31
Q

E-cadherin

A

an important cell-adhesion molecule involved in branching

  • disappear in cleft or branching but apparent on other parts of the cell
  • *redirecting expression in the cells of e-cadherin
32
Q

Cleftin

A

supresses the action of E-cadherin and upregulates snail-2

  • *snail-2 changes cell shape
  • *e-cadherin loss and snail-2 upregulation induces gap formation
33
Q

how is cleftin expressed?

A

induced by fibronectin cells in the ECM

34
Q

primary vs. secondary salivary secretion

A

primary is water with proteins, ions and Na and Cl and is isotonic
secondary saliva is hypotonic because the duct cells resorb Na and Cl but secret proteins and bicarbonate ion

35
Q

are acinar cells of duct cells water permeable?

A

acinar

36
Q

innervation of the salivary glands

A

under neuronal control (symp and pararsymp)

37
Q

parasym innervation

A

pre-gang in brainstem, begin in salivatory nucleus, go down CN Vii and IX and synapse on post-gang neurons near each of the glands

38
Q

symp innervation

A

orginate in cell bodies in the IML of spinal cord, synapse in superior cervical ganglion and post-gang in SCG supply the glands

39
Q

sympathetic secretion

A
  • responsible for protein secretion, post-gang release NE, binds to beta-adrenergic recpetors in acinar cells. GCRP coupled to AC that upregulates CAMP, that activates PKA, which phosphorylates secreotry granules that have proteins that are released
  • *protein laden, viscous secretion, NOT voluminous
40
Q

parasym secretion

A

fluid secretion, volume of saliva

  • psot-gan releases Ach, binds to muscarinic receptor on acinar cell (a GCPR), but its cples to Phosholipase C, which liberates IP3, liberating Calcium from the ER, which opens Cl-channels in the lumen that creates an osmotic gradient that draws sodium and water
  • *Cl maintained at high concentration intracellulary through and energy ion pump
41
Q

generalized acini

A

cluster of acini cells surrounding a central lumen. cells are held togehter by tight junctions with intercellular spaces. intercellular spaces allow water and ions, but restrict larger molecules. The end of the acinar cell that faces the lumen contains secretory granules. Also contains myoepithelial cells. entire endpiece is surrounded by basal lamina

42
Q

serous (acinar) cell

A
  • pyramidal shape
  • rest on the basal lamina
  • short, irregular microvilli at the basal end to increae SA
  • polarized, protein secreting (protein machinery like RER and golgi well-defined)
  • secrete many enzymes and glycoproteins
43
Q

mucous cell

A
  • cubodal/columnar
  • oval nuclei pressed towards the base (not round)
  • arranged in tubules around larger central lumen, secrete ALOT of mucins
  • secretory granules are pale staining because of mucins biochemical characteristics
44
Q

serous demilume

A

mucus acinus topped with serous cells

**artifact

45
Q

rapid freeze fixation

A

gets rid of serous demilume and sqwuished nuclei

46
Q

myoepithelial cells

A
  • epithelial and contractile properties
  • neurally innervated
  • facilitate saliva movement into the ductal system
  • wrap around acini and ducts
47
Q

3 tpes of ducts

A

intercalated, striated (secretory) and excretory (collecting)

48
Q

what type of duct is missing in minor salivary glands?

A

striated (intercalated to many excretory ducts)

49
Q

intercalated

A

-cubodal cells, short, several acini to one intercalated duct, smallest duct, centrally placed nuclei, secretes a few antimicrobial proteins (lysozome and lactoferrin)
main purpose: convery saliva

50
Q

striated duct

A

intercalated lead to striated, longer, more active, SITE OF RESORPTION (responsible for hypotonic saliva), secrete proteins (kalikren) and BICARB (buffer), tall columnar cells, highly polar, short microvilli on apical end but there basal end has MANY INFOLDINGS OF TEH BASOLAT MEMBRANE - STRIATED, large SA for resorption, many mitochondira

51
Q

is the resorption in the striated duct need energy?

A

YES (atp is critical)

52
Q

travel of the Na and Cl in the striated ducts

A

from the lumen through the apex to the basal infoldings to adj. capillaries
**ENERGY

53
Q

excretory duct

A
  • *PRIMARY PURPOSE IT TO CARRY SALIVA TO ORAL CAV
  • no secretion or absoprtion
  • get progresively wider as they get to oral cav
  • goes from single epi layer to pseudostrat epith (maybe strat and kerat) as the oral epithelium is reached
  • irregular positioned nuclei
  • exec duct in stroma of CT (so fibroblasts surround)
  • goblet cells mingle with exec duct and secrete mucins
54
Q

what are the exceptions to the S/M rule for minor salivary glands

A

blandin and nun on the anterior tongue are mixed and von ebners on post tongue are serous

55
Q

saliva with age

A

-loss of parenchyma tissue and reduced salivary flow (medications)

56
Q

mumps

A

affect parotid gland, obstuction of ducts through calcified stones (whartons duct) or mucous plugs (minor glands)

57
Q

saliva and viruses

A

viruses can replicate in salivary gland and shed into saliva

58
Q

xerostomia

A

feeling of dry mouth

59
Q

what is affected by radiation?

A

intitally gland function and then cell death (acinar cells)

**try to treat the salivary site

60
Q

what type of taste beat at activating salivary flow?

A

tart

61
Q

chewing gum activates?

A

PDL - increaes saliva

Oral Histology (13 decks)

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