Safmeds Set 3

Question 1

Antecedent Intervention

Answer 1

A behavior change strategy that manipulates contingency-independent
antecedent stimuli (MOs)

Question 2

Behavioral Momentum

Answer 2

A metaphor
to describe a rate of responding and its resistance to change following an alternation
in reinforcement conditions

Question 3

Fixed-Time Schedule

Answer 3

A schedule for the delivery
of non-contingent stimuli
in which a time interval remains the same
from one delivery to the next.

Question 4

High-probability response sequence

Answer 4

An antecedent intervention
in which 2-5 easy tasks
with a known history of learner compliance are presented in quick succession immediately before presenting a target task, the low-p request

Question 5

Noncontingent Reinforcement

Answer 5

A procedure in which
stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on an FT or VT schedule completely independent of behavior

Question 6

Variable-Time Schedule

Answer 6

A schedule for the delivery
of non-contingent stimuli
in which the interval of time from one delivery to the next randomly varies around a given time.

Question 7

Backup Reinforcer

Answer 7

Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers
and that can be purchased
with tokens.

Question 8

Behavioral Contract / Contingency Contract

Answer 8

A mutually agreed upon document between parties (e.g., parent and child) that specifies a contingent relationship
between the completion of specified behavior(s)
and access to specified reinforcer(s).

Question 9

Dependent Group Contingency

Answer 9

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior
of one member of the group
or the behavior of a select group of members within the larger group

Question 10

Hero Procedure

Answer 10

Another term for a
dependent group contingency (i.e., a person earns a reward for the group).

Question 11

Independent Group Contingency

Answer 11

A contingency in which reinforcement for each member of a group
is dependent on that person’s meeting a performance criterion
that is in effect for all members
of the group.

Question 12

Interdependent Group Contingency

Answer 12

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group
is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion
that is in effect for
all members of the group.

Question 13

Level System

Answer 13

A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level. The performance criteria and sophistication or difficulty of the behaviors required at each level are higher than those [receding levels; as participants advance to higher levels, they gain access to more desirable reinforcers, increased privileges, and greater independence.

Question 14

Self-Contract

Answer 14

Contingency contract that a person makes himself, incorporating a self-selected task and reward as well as personal monitoring of task completions and self-delivery of the reward.

Question 15

Token

Answer 15

An object that is awarded contingent on appropriate behavior and that serves as the medium of exchange for backup reinforcers.

Question 16

Habit Reversal

Answer 16

A multiple-component treatment package for reducing unwanted habits, including self-awareness training involving response detection and procedures for identifying events that precede and trigger the response, competing response training, and motivation techniques including self-administered consequences, social support systems, and procedures for promoting the generalization and maintenance of treatment gains.

Question 17

Self-Control

Answer 17

Two meanings: (a) A person’s ability to “delay gratification” by emitting a response that will produce a larger (or higher quality) delayed reward over a response that produces a smaller but immediate reward (sometimes considered impulse control);
(b) A person’s behaving in a certain way so as to change a subsequent. Conceptualized as a two-response phenomenon: The controlling response affects variables in such a way as to change the probability of the controlled response.

Question 18

Self-Instruction

Answer 18

Self-generated verbal response, covert or overt, that function as rules or response prompts for a desired behavior; as a self-management tactic, self-instruction can guide a person through a behavior chain or sequence of tasks.

Question 19

Self-Monitoring

Answer 19

A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior. (Also called self-recording or self- observation.)

Question 20

Massed Practice

Answer 20

A self-directed behavior change technique in wich the person forces himself to perform an undesired behavior (e.g., a compulsive ritual) repeatedly, which sometimes decreases the future frequency of the behavior.

Question 21

Self-Management

Answer 21

The personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior.

Question 22

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 22

A behavior therapy treatment for anxieties, fears, and phobias that involves substituting one response, generally muscle relaxation, for the unwanted behavior-the fear and anxiety. The client practices relaxing while imagining anxiety- producing situations in a sequence from the least fearful to the most fearful.

Question 23

Chained Schedule (chain)

Answer 23

A schedule of reinforcement
in which the response requirements of two or more basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence before reinforcement is delivered

Question 24

Concurrent Schedule (conc)

Answer 24

A schedule of reinforcement
in which two or more contingencies of reinforcement
operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviors.

Question 25

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)

Answer 25

A schedule of reinforcement
for each occurrence of the target behavior.

Question 26

Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates (DRD)

Answer 26

A schedule of reinforcement
in which reinforcement is provided at the end of predetermined interval
contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradually decreasing criterion based on the individual’s performance
in previous intervals

Question 27

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates (DRH)

Answer 27

A schedule of reinforcement
in which reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval
contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion
based on the individual’s performance in previous intervals

Question 28

Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates (DRL)

Answer 28

A procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is delivered
for a behavior that is topographically
incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction
and withheld following instances
of problem behavior

Question 29

Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement (INT)

Answer 29

A contingency of reinforcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior
produce reinforcement.

Question 30

Limited Hold

Answer 30

A situation in which reinforcement
is available only during finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval;
if the target response does not occur within the
time limit, reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins

Question 31

Mixed Schedule (mix)

Answer 31

A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence; no SDs are correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.

Question 32

Multiple Schedule (mult)

Answer 32

A compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of two or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence; a SD is correlated with the presence or absence of each element of the schedule, and reinforcement is delivered for meeting the response requirements of the element in effect at any time.

Question 33

Progressive Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 33

A schedule that systematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the individual’s behavior

Question 34

Schedule Thinning

Answer 34

Changing a contingency of reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval resulting in
a lower rate of reinforcement per responses, time, or both.

Question 35

Tandem Schedule (tand)

Answer 35

A schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like mix schedule, the tandem schedule does not use SDs with the elements in the chain

Question 36

Behavior Trap

Answer 36

An interrelated community of contingencies of
reinforcement that are “baited” with irresistible reinforcers that “lure” the student to the trap, require a low-effort response already in the student’s repertoire to enter the trap, once inside the trap, interrelated contingencies of reinforcement motivates the student to acquire, extend, and maintain targeted academic and/or social skills; and can remain effective for a long time because students shows few, if any, satiation effects.

Question 37

Contrived Contingency

Answer 37

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented
by a behavior analyst or practitioner
to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behavior change.

Question 38

Generalization Probe

Answer 38

Any measurement of a learner’s performance of a target behavior
in a setting and/or stimulus situation
in which direct training has not been provided.

Question 39

Indiscriminable Contingency

Answer 39

A contingency that makes it difficult for the learner to discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement.

Question 40

Lag Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 40

A schedule of reinforcement
in which reinforcement is contingent
on a response being different in some specified way (e.g., different topography) from the previous response (e.g., Lag 1)
or a specified number of previous responses (e.g., Lag 2 or more).

Question 41

Multiple Exemplar Training

Answer 41

Instruction that provides the learner
with practice with a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, and response topographies
to ensure the acquisition of desired stimulus controls response forms

Question 42

Naturally Existing Contingency

Answer 42

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) that operates independent
of the behavior analysts’ or practioner’s efforts and includes socially mediated contingencies contrived by other people already in effect in the relevant setting.

Question 43

Programming Common Stimuli

Answer 43

A tactic for promoting generalization
by making the instructional setting similar to the generalization setting;
the two-step process involves (1) identifying
salient stimuli that characterize the generalization setting and (2) incorporating stimuli into the instructional setting.

Question 44

Response Generalization

Answer 44

The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses
that are functionally equivalent
to the trained target behavior.

Question 45

Setting/Situation Generalization

Answer 45

The extent to which a learner
emits the target behavior
in a setting or stimulus situation
that is different from the instructional setting.

Question 46

Teaching Loosely

Answer 46

Randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and across teaching sessions;
It promotes generalization
by reducing the likelihood
that a single or small group of noncritical stimuli will acquire exclusive control over the target behavior

Question 47

Teaching Sufficient Examples

Answer 47

A strategy for promoting generalized behavior change that consists of teaching the learner to respond to a subset of all the relevant stimulus and response examples and then assessing the learner’s performance on untrained examples.