SAFMEDS Flashcards
FK-01 Lawfulness of behavior
Past behavior predicts future behavior
FK-02 Selectionism: phylogenic, ontogenic, and cultural
Phylogenic: behavior acquired by the species throughout the course of their evolutionary history (reflexive behavior is elicited)
Ontogenic: behavior acquired due to an individual organism’s developmental history (operant behavior is emitted)
Cultural: Corresponding to the selection of behavior as it passes from one individual to another
FK-03 Determinism
The universe is a lawful and orderly place where all phenomena occur as a result of other phenomena
FK-04 Empiricism
Objective observation of the phenomena of interest
FK-05 Parsimony
Ruling out the most simple, logical explanations before considering more complex ones
FK-06 Pragmatism
Drawing general rules from specific observation; inductive reasoning
FK-07 Environmental vs. mentalistic explanations for behavior
Environmental: behavior is caused by an organism’s interactions with its environment
Mentalistic: behavior is caused by internal events
FK-08 Radical vs. Methodological behaviorism
Radical behaviorism: takes private events (e.g. Thoughts) that occur “within the skin” into account as explanations for behavior
Methodological: do not consider private events as behavior, rejects anything that is not observable as an explanation for behavior
FK-09 Distinguish between conceptual analysis of behavior, experimental analysis of behavior, applied behavior analysis, and behavioral service delivery
Conceptual analysis of behavior: theoretical, philosophical, and methodological foundation of behaviorism
Experimental analysis of behavior: laboratory application of basic behavioral principles and processes
Applied behavior analysis: application of behavioral principles to human subjects
Behavioral service delivery: Professional practice
FK-10 Define behavior, response, & response class
Behavior: Everything that people do
Response: Single instance of a behavior
Response class: Groups of responses that vary in topography that all have the same function
FK-11 Define environment, stimulus, stimulus class
Environment: All of the events and stimuli that effect the behavior of an organism
Stimulus: Any thing or event
Stimulus class: Group of stimuli that share common elements along formal (physical features), functional (effects on behavior), or temporal (when they occur with regard to the behavior of interest) lines
FK-12 Stimulus equivalence
The emergence of accurate responding to untrained, non-reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following reinforcement of responses to other stimulus-stimulus relations; must demonstrate reflexivity, symmetry, & transitivity
Reflexivity: A=A, B=B
Symmetry: A=B, B=A
Transitivity: A=B and B=C then A=C
FK-13 Reflexive relations
an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response
FK-14 Respondent conditioning
neutral stimulus is continually paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).
FK-15 Operant conditioning
Consequences result in an increase or decrease in behavior
FK-16 Respondent-operant interactions
When reflexive and operant behavior occur at the same time
FK-17 Unconditioned reinforcement
Reinforcers that don’t depend on learning history (primary reinforcers)
FK-18 Conditioned reinforcement
Reinforcers that depend on learning history (secondary reinforcer)
FK-19 Unconditioned punishment
Punishment that doesn’t depend on learning history (primary punisher)
FK-20 Conditioned punishment
Punishment that depends on learning history (secondary punisher)
FK-21 Schedules of reinforcement and punishment
Tell you how and when to reinforce or punish a behavior (Fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval, variable ratio)
FK-22 Extinction
No longer reinforcing a previously reinforced behavior in order to decrease the frequency of behavior until it ceases to occur
FK-23 Automatic reinforcement and punishment
Reinforcement or punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others
FK-24 Stimulus control
Responding is modified by the presence or absence or a specific antecedent stimulus
FK-25 Multiple functions of a single stimulus
A single stimulus that serves multiple functions
FK-26 Unconditioned motivating operations
Motivating operation (MO) who’s value altering effects do not depend on learning history
FK-27 Conditioned motivating operations
Motivating operation (MO) who’s value altering effects depend on learning history
FK-28 Define transitive, reflexive, and surrogate conditioned motivating operations:
Transitive (CMO-T): stimulus that changes the effectiveness of something else as a reinforcer
Reflexive (CMO-R): stimulus that has been paired with a worsening or bettering of a condition
Surrogate (CMO-S): stimulus that is paired with another MO that has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effect as the MO it was paired with
FK-29 Distinguish between a discriminative stimulus and a motivating operation
Discriminative stimulus: a stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced
Motivating operation: environmental variables that
alter the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer, and alter the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event
FK-30 Distinguish between motivating operations and reinforcement effects
Motivating operation: Increases the value of the reinforcer in that moment
Reinforcement effects: Deprivation or satiation changes the value of a specific reinforcer
FK-31 Behavioral contingencies
Behavior must be emitted for a consequence to occur
FK-32 Contiguity
When two or more events occur simultaneously or very close together
FK-33 Functional relation
Specific change in one event that can be produced by manipulating another event
FK-34 Conditional discriminations
A discrimination in which reinforcement of a response to a stimulus is conditional on the presence of one or more additional discriminative stimuli
FK-35 Stimulus discrimination
Responses are reinforced in the presence of the SD and not reinforced in the presence of the S∆
FK-36 Response generalization
The extent to which a learner emits an untrained response that are functionally equivalent to the trained response
FK-37 Stimulus generalization
The occurrence of an established behavior under novel stimulus condition
FK-38 Behavioral contrast
When a behavior change procedure is introduced in one environment produces a change in the opposite direction in another environment
FK-39 Behavioral momentum
Rapidly presenting a series of high-p request prior to presenting a low-p request
FK-40 Matching law
Relative rates of responding are proportional to relative rates of reinforcement across two (or more) schedules of reinforcement
FK-41 Contingency-shaped behavior
Behavior that is shaped by coming into contact with the consequence for the behavior
FK-42 Rule-governed behavior
Behavior that is shaped by a rule rather than by coming into contact with the consequence for that behavior
FK-43 Echoic
A verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the initial stimuli and is followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement
FK-44 Mand
A verbal operant that is evoked by a MO and followed by specific reinforcement
FK-45 Tact
A verbal operant that is evoked by a non-verbal stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement
FK-46 Intraverbal
A verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal stimulus that does not have point-to-point correspondence or formal similarity with the original stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement
FK-47 Identify the measurable dimensions of behavior (frequency, rate, duration, magnitude, IRT, latency, trials to criterion, & percent of occurrence)
Frequency: simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior
Rate: number of responses per unit of time
Duration: amount of time a behavior occurs for
Magnitude: the force or intensity with which a response is emitted
Interresponse time: the time between the onset of behavior 1 and the onset of behavior 2
Latency: The time between the onset of a stimulus and the response
Trials to criterion: the number of opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined criterion
Percent of occurrence: number of responses/number of opportunities X 100
FK-48 State the advantages and disadvantages of using continuous measurement procedures and discontinuous measurement procedures
Continuous measurement (WI recording): records every instance of a behavior providing a more accurate picture but requires a lot of resources Discontinuous measurement (PI recording and Momentary time sampling): records a sample of occurrences during an observation, useful when resources aren't available for continuous measurement, but doesn't capture every instances of a behavior and poses a threat to validity