SAFMEDS

Question 1

FK-01 Lawfulness of behavior

Answer 1

Past behavior predicts future behavior

Question 2

FK-02 Selectionism: phylogenic, ontogenic, and cultural

Answer 2

Phylogenic: behavior acquired by the species throughout the course of their evolutionary history (reflexive behavior is elicited)
Ontogenic: behavior acquired due to an individual organism’s developmental history (operant behavior is emitted)
Cultural: Corresponding to the selection of behavior as it passes from one individual to another

Question 3

FK-03 Determinism

Answer 3

The universe is a lawful and orderly place where all phenomena occur as a result of other phenomena

Question 4

FK-04 Empiricism

Answer 4

Objective observation of the phenomena of interest

Question 5

FK-05 Parsimony

Answer 5

Ruling out the most simple, logical explanations before considering more complex ones

Question 6

FK-06 Pragmatism

Answer 6

Drawing general rules from specific observation; inductive reasoning

Question 7

FK-07 Environmental vs. mentalistic explanations for behavior

Answer 7

Environmental: behavior is caused by an organism’s interactions with its environment
Mentalistic: behavior is caused by internal events

Question 8

FK-08 Radical vs. Methodological behaviorism

Answer 8

Radical behaviorism: takes private events (e.g. Thoughts) that occur “within the skin” into account as explanations for behavior
Methodological: do not consider private events as behavior, rejects anything that is not observable as an explanation for behavior

Question 9

FK-09 Distinguish between conceptual analysis of behavior, experimental analysis of behavior, applied behavior analysis, and behavioral service delivery

Answer 9

Conceptual analysis of behavior: theoretical, philosophical, and methodological foundation of behaviorism
Experimental analysis of behavior: laboratory application of basic behavioral principles and processes
Applied behavior analysis: application of behavioral principles to human subjects
Behavioral service delivery: Professional practice

Question 10

FK-10 Define behavior, response, & response class

Answer 10

Behavior: Everything that people do
Response: Single instance of a behavior
Response class: Groups of responses that vary in topography that all have the same function

Question 11

FK-11 Define environment, stimulus, stimulus class

Answer 11

Environment: All of the events and stimuli that effect the behavior of an organism
Stimulus: Any thing or event
Stimulus class: Group of stimuli that share common elements along formal (physical features), functional (effects on behavior), or temporal (when they occur with regard to the behavior of interest) lines

Question 12

FK-12 Stimulus equivalence

Answer 12

The emergence of accurate responding to untrained, non-reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following reinforcement of responses to other stimulus-stimulus relations; must demonstrate reflexivity, symmetry, & transitivity
Reflexivity: A=A, B=B
Symmetry: A=B, B=A
Transitivity: A=B and B=C then A=C

Question 13

FK-13 Reflexive relations

Answer 13

an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response

Question 14

FK-14 Respondent conditioning

Answer 14

neutral stimulus is continually paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Question 15

FK-15 Operant conditioning

Answer 15

Consequences result in an increase or decrease in behavior

Question 16

FK-16 Respondent-operant interactions

Answer 16

When reflexive and operant behavior occur at the same time

Question 17

FK-17 Unconditioned reinforcement

Answer 17

Reinforcers that don’t depend on learning history (primary reinforcers)

Question 18

FK-18 Conditioned reinforcement

Answer 18

Reinforcers that depend on learning history (secondary reinforcer)

Question 19

FK-19 Unconditioned punishment

Answer 19

Punishment that doesn’t depend on learning history (primary punisher)

Question 20

FK-20 Conditioned punishment

Answer 20

Punishment that depends on learning history (secondary punisher)

Question 21

FK-21 Schedules of reinforcement and punishment

Answer 21

Tell you how and when to reinforce or punish a behavior (Fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval, variable ratio)

Question 22

FK-22 Extinction

Answer 22

No longer reinforcing a previously reinforced behavior in order to decrease the frequency of behavior until it ceases to occur

Question 23

FK-23 Automatic reinforcement and punishment

Answer 23

Reinforcement or punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others

Question 24

FK-24 Stimulus control

Answer 24

Responding is modified by the presence or absence or a specific antecedent stimulus

Question 25

FK-25 Multiple functions of a single stimulus

Answer 25

A single stimulus that serves multiple functions

Question 26

FK-26 Unconditioned motivating operations

Answer 26

Motivating operation (MO) who’s value altering effects do not depend on learning history

Question 27

FK-27 Conditioned motivating operations

Answer 27

Motivating operation (MO) who’s value altering effects depend on learning history

Question 28

FK-28 Define transitive, reflexive, and surrogate conditioned motivating operations:

Answer 28

Transitive (CMO-T): stimulus that changes the effectiveness of something else as a reinforcer Reflexive (CMO-R): stimulus that has been paired with a worsening or bettering of a condition Surrogate (CMO-S): stimulus that is paired with another MO that has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effect as the MO it was paired with

Question 29

FK-29 Distinguish between a discriminative stimulus and a motivating operation

Answer 29

Discriminative stimulus: a stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced Motivating operation: environmental variables that alter the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer, and alter the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event

Question 30

FK-30 Distinguish between motivating operations and reinforcement effects

Answer 30

Motivating operation: Increases the value of the reinforcer in that moment Reinforcement effects: Deprivation or satiation changes the value of a specific reinforcer

Question 31

FK-31 Behavioral contingencies

Answer 31

Behavior must be emitted for a consequence to occur

Question 32

FK-32 Contiguity

Answer 32

When two or more events occur simultaneously or very close together

Question 33

FK-33 Functional relation

Answer 33

Specific change in one event that can be produced by manipulating another event

Question 34

FK-34 Conditional discriminations

Answer 34

A discrimination in which reinforcement of a response to a stimulus is conditional on the presence of one or more additional discriminative stimuli

Question 35

FK-35 Stimulus discrimination

Answer 35

Responses are reinforced in the presence of the SD and not reinforced in the presence of the S∆

Question 36

FK-36 Response generalization

Answer 36

The extent to which a learner emits an untrained response that are functionally equivalent to the trained response

Question 37

FK-37 Stimulus generalization

Answer 37

The occurrence of an established behavior under novel stimulus condition

Question 38

FK-38 Behavioral contrast

Answer 38

When a behavior change procedure is introduced in one environment produces a change in the opposite direction in another environment

Question 39

FK-39 Behavioral momentum

Answer 39

Rapidly presenting a series of high-p request prior to presenting a low-p request

Question 40

FK-40 Matching law

Answer 40

Relative rates of responding are proportional to relative rates of reinforcement across two (or more) schedules of reinforcement

Question 41

FK-41 Contingency-shaped behavior

Answer 41

Behavior that is shaped by coming into contact with the consequence for the behavior

Question 42

FK-42 Rule-governed behavior

Answer 42

Behavior that is shaped by a rule rather than by coming into contact with the consequence for that behavior

Question 43

FK-43 Echoic

Answer 43

A verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the initial stimuli and is followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement

Question 44

FK-44 Mand

Answer 44

A verbal operant that is evoked by a MO and followed by specific reinforcement

Question 45

FK-45 Tact

Answer 45

A verbal operant that is evoked by a non-verbal stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement

Question 46

FK-46 Intraverbal

Answer 46

A verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal stimulus that does not have point-to-point correspondence or formal similarity with the original stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement

Question 47

FK-47 Identify the measurable dimensions of behavior (frequency, rate, duration, magnitude, IRT, latency, trials to criterion, & percent of occurrence)

Answer 47

Frequency: simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior Rate: number of responses per unit of time Duration: amount of time a behavior occurs for Magnitude: the force or intensity with which a response is emitted Interresponse time: the time between the onset of behavior 1 and the onset of behavior 2 Latency: The time between the onset of a stimulus and the response Trials to criterion: the number of opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined criterion Percent of occurrence: number of responses/number of opportunities X 100

Question 48

FK-48 State the advantages and disadvantages of using continuous measurement procedures and discontinuous measurement procedures

Answer 48

``` Continuous measurement (WI recording): records every instance of a behavior providing a more accurate picture but requires a lot of resources Discontinuous measurement (PI recording and Momentary time sampling): records a sample of occurrences during an observation, useful when resources aren't available for continuous measurement, but doesn't capture every instances of a behavior and poses a threat to validity ```