SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THE LABORATORY WITH BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY Flashcards
– Act of putting on or wearing
Donning
– Removing an item
Doffing
to cause damage to health, life, property, or any other interest of value.
Hazard
- is a communicated intent to inflict harm or loss on another person or an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage, or other hostile action on someone or something in retribution for something done or not
done
Threat
- The likelihood for an adverse event to occur, as an expression of
intention to inflict evil, injury, disruption or damage
Risk
sequence for putting on ppe
gown
mask or respirator
goggles or fs
gloves
doffing ppe
gown and gloves
goggles or fs
mask or respirator
wash hands
chain of infection
agent
reservoir
portal of exit
mot
portal of entry
susceptible host
is the primary method of infection
transmission.
HAND CONTACT
is the best way to break the chain of
infection.
HANDWASHING
“When hands are visibly soiled, wash hands with soap and water.
When hands are not visibly soiled, apply alcohol based hand-rub (ex: HAND SANITIZERS )”
AND DON’T FORGET THE HANDWASHING SONG __
__HAPPY BIRTHDAY SONG 2X__
- a solution of _ a solution containing _ may be suitable for general environmental sanitation
- Rooms and equipment can be decontaminated by _ generated by heating _
- Fumigation of smaller spaces with _is also effective
Local environmental decontamination
- sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
- 1 g/l available chlorine
- fumigation with
formaldehyde gas
- paraformaldehyde or boiling
formalin
- hydrogen peroxide vapour
- _ gas is available.
- Alternatively, the appropriate amount of _
Decontamination of biological safety cabinets
- formaldehyde
- paraformaldehyde (final
concentration of 0.8% paraformaldehyde in air)
Classification of
Chemical Disinfectant
/ Germicides by
activity level:
- – High level disinfection
- – Intermediate level
disinfection - – Low level disinfection
Spaulding Classification
CRITICAL device contact sterile tissue or bloodstream (STERILIZATION)
SEMI CRITICAL device contact mucous membrane or non intact skin (HIGH LEVEL DISINFECTION)
NON-CRITICAL device only contact skin (INTER LVEL DISIN) ( LOW LEVEL DISIN)
Concentration (Stock solution): _
● – 1:100 – _
● – 1:10 –,
● Mechanism: _
● Application: _ UP TO _
Sodium Hypochlorite
- 5.25 – 6.15%
- General surfaces
- Blood Spills, Infectious spills
- Denaturation of Protein
- 10-15 minutes up to 30-60 minutes
Sterilization
dry
moist heat sterilization
Saturated steam under pressure
- is the most effective and reliable means of sterilizing laboratory materials.
Moist Heat: Autoclave
For most purposes, the following cycles will ensure sterilization of correctly loaded autoclaves:
● 1. 3 min holding time at 134 °C
● 2. 10 min holding time at 126 °C
● 3. 15 min holding time at 121 °C
● 4. 25 min holding time at 115 °C.
- An all-encompassing term
- Used to describe a process of:
- Inactivating or reducing contaminants to an acceptable level
- Reasonably free from risk of transmitting disease and can be handled safely
- _ not option: _ and _
Decontamination
- Incineration
- Philippine Clean Air Act and Ecological Solid Waste Management
decontamination
disinfection
sanitization
sterilization
antisepsis
incineration
non infectious dry waste
black
non infectious wet waste
green
infectious and pathological waste
yellow
chemical and heavy metal waste
yellow with black band
radioactive waste
orange
sharps and pressured container
red
Knowledge,
techniques, and
equipment to prevent
exposure
* Containment
conditions for the safe
manipulation of
infectious agents
Biosafety
Safekeeping of valuable biological
materials, collections and
reference strains
Laboratory biosecurity:
Measures to prevent,
detect, respond to, and/or recover
from biological threats
Community biosecurity (also
biodefense):
- Accidental infection
Biosafety
- Deliberate attempts
Biosecurity
Some policy overlap with , _
agricultural security, biodiversity,
counter-terrorism
: Physical containment of
highly pathogenic organisms or agents
(Bacteria, Viruses, and Toxins), usually by
isolation in environmentally and
biologically secure cabinets or rooms, to
prevent accidental infection of workers
or release into the surrounding
community, especially during scientific
research.
Biocontainment
strat of biocontainment
facility design
safety equipment
standard and special microbiological practices
personnel protection, microorg in risk group 1-3
class i ii iii
personnel protection, microorg in risk group 4 glove box lab
class iii
personnel protection, microorg in risk group 4 suit lab
class i ii
product protection
class ii, iii only if laminar flow included
volatile radionuclide/ chemical protection minute amnt
class iib, class iia vented to the outside
volatile radionuclide/ chemical protection
clas i class iib2 class iii
- A process that eliminates all viable microorganism, including the most resistant form (e.g. Bacterial Endospores)
STERILIZATION
- The Probability of a Microorganism surviving on an item subjected to treatment is less than the “sterility assurance level” or one in one million (10 -6)
STERILIZATION
STERILIZATION Mostly used in:
- Culture Media
- Pipette Tips
- Tubes, Plates
- Non-flammable reagents
- Heat-sensitive stock solutions
sterilization Can be achieved thru:
- Heat
- Ethylene Oxide Gas
- Hydrogen Peroxide Gas
- Ozone, Radiation
- Less lethal process than Sterilization
- Eliminates nearly all recognized Pathogenic microorganisms but not necessarily all microbial forms (E.g. Bacterial Spores) on inanimate objects
DISINFECTION
- Factors affecting the effectiveness of a disinfection procedure:
- Nature and Number of Contaminating Microorganisms
- Amount of Organic Matter present
- The type and concentration of germicide used and duration and temperature of germicide contact, and the
- Type and condition of instruments, devices, and materials (Spaulding classification)
A chemical agents used on the skin to safely reduce the number of microorganisms and reduce risks of infection
Antiseptic
(e.g. lodine, Hydrogen Peroxide, Antibacterial Soaps)
reduce the number of microorg to safe hygienic level less effective than disinfection
sanitize
- The laboratory is separated from general traffic flow
- Accessed through an anteroom (double door entry or basic laboratory – Biosafety Level 2) or an airlock.
- An autoclave is available within the
facility for decontamination of wastes
prior to disposal. - A sink with hands-free operation is
available. - Inward directional airflow is established
- all work with infectious materials is
conducted within a biological safety
cabinet.
BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3
- Primary Containment
- controlled Access
- Class CIII Biosafety
Cabinet - Controlled air system.
- Decontamination of
effluents. - Sterilization of waste
and materials. - Airlock entry ports
- Emergency
- Containment drain(s)
BSL-4
keeping the people fr bad bugs
lab biosafety
keeping the bad bugs fr bad ppl
lab biosecurity
biosafety + biosecurity =
biorisk
shigella
diane thompson (1996)
blunder exposes city to smallpox
alasdair penny cook (2000)
pillars of lab biosecurity
inventory control
info control
personnel control
physical security control
transport control
emergency/incident response plan
emerging biotech
dual use research of concern
assurance of safety fr physical intrusion
physical security
principles of physical security
detection
delay
response
access control
provide the highest practical protection and the lowest practical exposure
biorisk management
biorisk management
assessment
mitigation
performance
assessment
hazard id
risk assessment
mitigation
biorisk control measures
risk management
performance
process
qa/qc
objectives
hierarchy of controls
elimination (physically remove the hazard)
substitution (replace the hazard)
engineering controls (isolate ppl fr hazard)
administrative controls (change the way ppl work)
ppe (protect the worker w/ ppe)
policies standards and guidelines used to control risk
administrative control
processes and activities that have been shown in practice to be effective in reducing risk
practices and procedures
Viral isolation in cell culture (SARS-CoV-2):
BSL 3 Laboratory
DOH MEMORANDUMS
- LINELIST
- PERSONNEL
- PROFICIENCY TESTING
- PHYSICAL FACILITIES
- EQUIPMENT AND
INSTRUMENTS
LABORATORY - PHYSICAL FACILITIES
- PERSONNEL
- ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT - RELEASE OF RESULTS
- EQUIPMENT AND
INSTRUMENTS - CONTINGENCY PLAN
CAN BE AUTOCLAVED
- Pathogenic Plant Matter
- Culture and Stocks of Infectious Agents
- Contaminated Solids
- Discarded Live and Attenuated Vaccines
- Recombinant DNA, Plant and Animal Specimens
- Animal Tissues
- Animal Cage Wastes
CANNOT BE AUTOCLAVED
- items containing solvents, volatiles, or corrosive chemicals
- Radioactive Material/s
121 C
- Trash
- Glassware
- Liquids
- Animal Carcass
- Animal bedding
DWELL TIMES
- 60 Minutes
- 60 Minutes
- 60 Minutes per Gallon
- 8 Hours (depending on Load)
- 8 Hours (depending on Load)
- Exposure: Ingestions, Inoculation, Tactile Contamination, Aerosolization, Inhalation of Infectious materials
- Blood
- HBV, HCV, HIV
- Blood-borne pathogens
- Inactivated and Autoclaved
BIOLOGICAL WASTES
- Respiratory infections/
- Inactivated (Heat,Chemical) and Autoclaved before disposal
- Swabs
- Should be fixed with a fixative
- Unfixed tissues must be inactivated and autoclaved
- Tissues
Are infections, either symptomatic or asymptomatic, that are acquired through laboratory or laboratory-related activities, as a result of working with infectious agents.
Primary or secondary
Continue to occur despite control practices and measures.
Get worse and worse every year (emerging/re-emerging)
Laboratory acquired infections (LAI)
- In direct contact with Biohazardous material
- Immediate protection of personnel
- Immediate Laboratory environment from exposure to infections agents
Example: BSC, Cages, Centrifuge with biocontainment seals
- PRIMARY BIOCONTAINMENT
- Protection of the environment
- Provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices
Examples: Air flow, Chemical Fume Hood, Epoxy Resin Floor
- SECONDARY BIOCONTAINMENT
- any microbiological entity, cellular, or non-cellular, naturally occuring or engineered, capable of replication or of transferring genetic material that may be able to provoke infection, allergy, toxicity or other adverse effects in humans, animals, or plants
- E.g. bacteria, fungi, viruses, viroids, endo-, and ectoparasites
BIOLOGICAL AGENT
4 factors for bsl
depending of pathogenicity of org
mot of org
local availability of preventive measures
local availability of effective treatment
A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease.
Risk Group 1 (no or low individual and community risk)-
ex bacillus subtilis
e coli non patho strain
A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment. Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread or infection is limited.
Risk Group 2 (moderate individual risk, low community risk) -
ex salmonella
staph aureus
sars cov 2 (if pcr)
- A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.
Risk Group 3 (high individual risk, low community risk)
mycobacterium tuberculosis
sars cov 2 (if culture)
bacillus anthrasis
coccidiodes immitis
- A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transimitted from one individual to another, directly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.
Risk group 4 (high individual and community risk)
ebola virus
lassa virus
malburg virus
- any material comprised of, containing, or that may contain biological agents and/or their harmful products, such as toxins and allergens
Biological Material
- Containment principles, technologies, and practices implemented to prevent unintentional/accidental exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their unintentional/accidental release
Laboratory Biosafety
- Institutional and personal security measures designed to prevent the loss, theft, misuse, diversions, or intentional release of pathogens and toxins
Laboratory biosecurity
- Comsumption of a substance by an organism
Ingestion
- The act or an instance of introduction of a substance into the body
Inoculation
- The presence of a minor and unwanted substance or impurity in the skin or mucous membrane
Contamination
- The act of drawing air or other subtances into the lungs
Inhalation
- effect of uncertainty expressed by the combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in circumtances) and the associated likelihood of occurrence, where biological material is the source of harm
Biorisk
- system or process to control safety and security risks associated with the handling or storage and disposal of biological agents and toxins in laboratories and facilities
Biorisk management
- management system or part of a management system used to establish biorisk management policies, objectives, and processes to achieve those objectives
• coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to biorisk
Biorisk management system
- Process of identifying the hazards and evaluating the risks associated with biological agents and toxins, taking into account the adequacy of any existing controls, and deciding whether or not the risks are acceptable.
Assessment
- Actions and control measures that are put into place to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with biological agends and toxins
Mitigation
- There are five major categories of measures for controlling biological risks in the laboratory,
- Mitigation Control Measures
1. Elimination or Substitution
2. Engineering Controls
3. Administrative Controls
4. Practices and Procedures
5. Personal Protective Equipment
• Removing the hazard, not working with the agent or replacing the hazard with something less dangerous
Elimination or Substitution
- Physical changes to work stations, equipment, materials, production facilities, or any other relevant aspect of the work environment that reduce or prevent exposure to hazards
Engineering Controls
- The implementation of the entire biorisk management system, including evaluating and ensuring that the system is working the way it was designed. Another aspect of performance is the process of continually improving the system
Performance
